Sir William Osler, bart. Brief tributes to his personality, influence and public service

SIR WILLIAM OSLER, Bart.

Wll I I \ M OSLEI! I\ 1906.

Painted by Sargent.

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SIR WILLIAM OSLER, Bart.

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Brief Tributes to His Personality,
Influence and Public Service

Written by His Friends, Associates and Former Pupils,

In Honor of His Seventieth Birthday and First Published in the

Bulletin of The Johns Hopkins Hospital for July, 1919

THE JOHNS HOPKINS PRESS

BALTIMORE, MD.

1920

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Copyright, 1920, by
The Johns Hopkins Press

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BALTIMORE, MD., U. 8. A.

CONTEXTS

PAGE

Some Memories of the Development of the Medical School

and of Osier's Advent. By Henry M. Thomas 7

Osier as Chief of a Medical Clinic. By Lewellys F. Barker. . 19
Some of the Early Medical Work of Sir William Osier. By

W. T. Councilman 33

Osier as a Pathologist. By William G. MacCallum 45

Osier, the Teacher. By W. S. Thayer 51

Osier and the Student. By Thomas R. Brown 55

Osier and Patient. By Thomas McCrae 59

Osier and the Tuberculosis Work of the Hospital. By Louis

Hamman 65

Influence on the Relation of Medicine in Canada and the

United States. By Thomas B. Futcher 69

Osier as a Citizen and His Relation to the Tuberculosis Cru-
sade in Maryland. By Henry Barton Jacobs 75

Osier's Influence on Other Medical Schools in Baltimore. His

Relation to the Medical Profession. By Edward N. Brush. 83
Influence in Building up the Medical and Chirurgical Faculty.

By Hiram Woods 89

Osier and the Book and Journal Club. By J. A. Ciiatard 95

Osier's Influence on the Library of the Medical and Chirurgi-
cal Faculty of the State of Maryland. By Mak< ia C.

Noyes, Librarian 97

Some Early Reminiscences of William Osier. By Henry M.

Hurd 101

Osier as I Knew Him in Philadelphia and in the Hopkins. By

Howard A. Kelly 107

Osier as a Bibliophile. By Tiiom as R. Bogus Ill

Osier's Literary Style. By Edward N. Brush 115

Bibliography. By Minnie Wbight Blogg 121

SIR WILLIAM OSLER, Bart.

SOME MEMORIES OF THE DEYELOPMEXT OF THE
MEDICAL SCHOOL AND OF OSLER'S ADVENT

By Henry M. Thomas

In thinking of the early days of The Johns Hopkins Uni-
versity and Hospital and the development of the medical
school, my memories begin with the founder — Johns Hopkins.
As a small boy between 10 and 12 I sat on the same bench with
Johns Hopkins many Sunday mornings at the Friends' Meet-
ing on Eutaw and Monument streets. I cannot remember that
he ever spoke to me, and I remember him merely as a rather
unkempt old gentleman. At that time he had announced his
intentions for his double bequest, had, in 1867, incorporated
the two institutions that were to bear his name, had appointed
his trustees, and had bought the site for the hospital. Gallo-
way Cheston, the president of the university board; Francis T.
King, president of the hospital board ; Francis White, James
Carey Thomas, James Carey, and other trustees, were also
constant attendants at the meeting, and it is pleasant now to
think that in the congregation there were represented the
founder, his trustees, and the rising generation which was to
be benefited by the bequests.

Johns Hopkins believed that his wealth had been given to
him for a purpose, and, to use a Friendly form of speech, that
he would be " given to see " how to dispose of it. He had asked
advice freely and much had been volunteered, and many of his
advisers have claimed that they suggested the objects of his
bequests and the forms which they should take, but I like to
think that the wise instructions that he gave to his trustees
were finally determined in meeting. The most important of

S Sm William Osler, Bart.

these for the development of the medical school was his direc-
tion in a letter to the hospital board, dated March 10, 1873,
that " in all your arrangements in relation to this hospital you
will bear constantly in mind that it is my wish and purpose
that the institution shall ultimately form a part of the medical
school of that university for which I have made ample provi-
sion by my will," so uniting forever the two bequests for the
furtherance of medical education.

Johns Hopkins died on December 21, 1873, and in the early
part <it' 1875 the trustees received the bequests and entered into
active administration of the trusts. The first important de-
cision of the university board was the wise and fortunate choice
of Daniel C. Oilman as president of the university. He came
to Baltimore May 1, 1875, and I can remember well the expec-
tation and interest his coming aroused. He and his two
daughters took apartments at the old Mt. Vernon Hotel, and
for me a delightful friendship began.

Johns Hopkins chose his trustees well and left them un-
trammeled, and they in their turn gave President Oilman a
free hand. Tbey had already determined upon the establish-
ment of a real university, which, as Oilman once said, was to
supplement and not supplant existing institutions. In speak-
ing of his first instructions which he received from the trustees,
he says :

Often in private conversations and in official interviews, I was
charged to hold up the highest standards, to think of nothing but
the best which was possible under the limitations of the new
establishment in a country where the idea of a university had not
been generally understood.

In furtherance of these objects, President Oilman, in the
summer of 187."), went abroad to visit the various universities
and to consult with the leaders in education. Medical educa-
tion was much in his mind, particularly the establishment of
the laboratories and courses of instruction in the fundamental
sciences which would be best fitted for the preliminary training
of medical students. The field was almost entirely unbroken,
and young men not yet 30 were selected for its cultivation —

The Medical School and Osler's Advent 9

Eowland in physics, Martin in biology, and Eemsen in chem-
istry. Eowland, although not then appointed to the chair of
physics, had accompanied Gilman to Europe to aid him in the
selection of physical apparatus and books. While on this
journey he found time to publish some articles in the Philo-
sophical Magazine which Gilman, with characteristic prompt-
ness and prophetic vision, dated from The Johns Hopkins
University — the first university publications.

Gilman was inaugurated on February 22, 1876, and the
university received students and began instruction in the fall
of that year. Professor Huxley, who had taken much interest
in the proposed biological department, and who had recom-
mended a favorite pupil of his — H. Xewell Martin — as its
director, was in America and was asked to give an opening
lecture. In this lecture he spoke of the importance of bio-
logical studies, and particularly their relation to a properly
organized medical course. My father, who had selei ted me as
the son most available upon whom to experiment with this new
method of medical education, saw to it that I attended Gil-
man's inauguration and Huxley's opening lecture. I have no
recollection of the inaugural exercises, but I do remember
hearing Huxley at the Academy of Musi.', principally, 1 think,
on account of the storm of protest thai followed. This protesl
was directed against the emphasis which the new university
appeared to be giving to scientific research, especially in
biology, even the study of which was thoughl at that time to be
little less than impious, and was focused on the fact that
Huxley, the great champion of science, had been asked to
speak and that the lecture had nol been ushered in by prayer.
I believe that Mr. King and my father, both devoted religious
workers, were responsible for this la-t circumstance. They
certainly were astounded by the public reaction to this entirely
consistent Quaker procedure.

Following the advice of Huxley and others the chemical-
biological course was designed, and was recommended to those
students who intended to take up the study of medicine; in-
deed, it was also called the preliminary medical course. It was

in Sir William Osler, Bart.

from the first the design of the university to establish the full
medical course as soon as the hospital should be completed,
and much thought was given to it. Martin and Eemsen were
recognized as forming the nucleus of the medical faculty.

At the opening of the fourth academic year, September,
L879, Professor Acland, then Regius Professor of Medicine at
Oxford, was expected to give a lecture embodying his advice
as to the proper co-ordination between the university and
hospital in the organization of an advanced medical school.
Unfortunately, on account of illness, he was unable to deliver
the address. His views, however, have been preserved in a
letter to the university and hospital authorities. How sur-
prised he would have been had he been told that it was from
this unborn medical school that his successor at Oxford was to
be chosen !

In the early days the university was a small, compact body,
made up, for the most part, of a young, active faculty, sur-
rounded by a group of advanced workers, called fellows, and
other post-graduate students, and a few rather over-powered
undergraduates. Every encouragement and opportunity was
given to research and to prompt publication of work accom-
plished. There was the closest sympathy among all the depart-
ments, and everyone knew and sympathized with the work of
the others. It was naturally around Martin that the idea of
the medical school germinated, and a more inspiring teacher
it would be hard to imagine. Besides the regular biological
courses, he gave lectures to medical students and practitioners
of the city, and graduates in medicine entered his laboratory
for special work.

The emphasis which the university had put upon men in
contrast to buildings had permitted it to function at once, and
to strike a remarkable pace in a very short time. With the
hospital it was different; buildings were absolutely essential,
and even though Johns Hopkins before his death had in-
structed his hospital trustees to begin work, time was neces-
sarily consumed in the formation of plans, so that it was not

The Medical School and Osler's Advent 11

until June of 1877 that these were adopted and the excavations
were begun.

The choice by the hospital board, in 1876, of Dr. John S.
Billings, surgeon of the United States Army, and librarian
of the surgeon-general's office, as their medical adviser was
most fortunate, both as to the construction of the hospital
buildings and as to the future of the medical school. Dr. Bill-
ings was much in Baltimore, and his encyclopaedic knowledge
of things medical was always at the service of the university
as well as the hospital. He supplemented Gilman, and made
with him a remarkable team. He was attached to the uni-
versity academic staff as a lecturer on the history of medicine
and municipal hygiene, although I do not think he gave many
lectures until after the opening of the hospital.

Among the physicians who were attracted to Martin's labora-
tory was Wra, T. Councilman, who began work in 1878, just
after having received his medical degree from the University
of Maryland, and who, after his return from Europe in 1882.
was made a fellow by courtesy, and was appointed associate in
pathology in 1884. He busied himself about medical problems,
gave some courses in special subjects, and lectured at the
University of Maryland on pathology.

In 1879, Wm. II. Howell came from the Baltimore City
College and entered the chemical-biological course and began
a career which was to mean much to the university and medical
school. He soon became a favorite pupil of Martin's, and after
receiving his bachelor's degree, he was made in quick succes-
sion a fellow, an assistant, and then, in 1885, an associate in
biology, having received his Ph. D. the year before. He
resigned from the university in 1889, to return again as pro-
fessor of physiology at the opening of the medical school.

I, in my capacity as experimental animal, was entered in
the university the same year, and I can well remember Howell
as the model student and also on the football field where he
made up for his light weight by the accuracy and neatness of
his tackling.

6

12 Sir William Osler, Bart.

I look back upon my course at the university with the
greatest pleasure. To have been under such men as Martin,
Remsen, and Hastings in physics, to have read Shakespeare
with Sydney Lanier, and to have heard the lectures from the
noted men who were constantly coming to the university, could
not help being stimulating to a youth even though over-
occupied with many athletic pursuits. It had been hoped by
those of us who took the preliminary medical course that at
its completion the university would have started its medical
school, but this was not to be. The buildings of the hospital
were going up very slowly, and as there seemed no immediate
prospect of the completion, we were forced to go elsewhere for
our medical instruction.

While at the University of Maryland, I attended Dr. Council-
man's first lectures on pathology, and also took a course with
him in the biological laboratory in the histology of the nervous
system. We had excellent professors at the University of
Maryland, but it was the old lecture system, the only labora-
tories being the dissecting room and a newly established
chemical laboratory. The students had practically no chance
of getting close to patients, and I was graduated without ever
having been instructed in physical diagnosis, and I received
the prize in obstetrics without ever having seen a woman in
labor ! I took my medical degree in 1885. By this time the
university was on the point of establishing its medical depart-
ment. In the register for 1883-1881 it is announced that " The
medical department of the university is soon to be organized.
Its plan is receiving the constant attention of the trustees, and
it will be made known before the completion of The Johns
Hopkins Hospital. The nucleus of a medical faculty has been
instituted as follows: The president of the university; J. S.
Billings, M. D., lecturer on hygiene; W. H. Welch, M. D.,
professor of pathology; Ira Bemsen, M. D., professor of chem-
istry; H. Newell Martin, M. D., professor of physiology."

In this somewhat casual way, the university announced the
epoch-making facts that it had recognized pathology as a full
university subject, and had appointed Dr. Welch to fill the

The Medical School and Osler's Advent 13

chair. The first was the natural development of the university
idea in medicine, and the credit of the second has been claimed,
in a friendly rivalry between the university and the hospital,
both by Gilman and by Billings. However that may be, no
other choice now seems conceivable.

Br. Welch's appointment was the first one that had to do
with practical medicine, and I remember my father's en-
thusiasm over it, for with it he felt that the university had
made a wonderful beginning in medical teaching. What a
wonderful beginning it was he was to learn later!

Welch gave his first course of lectures in Hopkins Hall in
February and March, 1886, on microorganisms in disease.
The hospital trustees allowed the university to furnish the
autopsy house as a pathological laboratory, and so the first of
the hospital buildings to be used was dedicated to the common
purpose of the two trusts. Dr. Councilman had been appointed
an associate in pathology, and courses of instruction were
started on November 1, 188G. Halsted came from New York
to work in the laboratory and Mall was appointed the first
fellow. Other students gathered, most of them graduates in
medicine, and when I returned from Europe at the end of the
year I joined the group. Those early days have often been
described, and it was, indeed, a rare privilege to have taken
part in them. As the hospital was not yet opened, the institu-
tion had to depend upon other sources for its autopsy material.
This was obtained for the most part from the City Eospital
at Bay View. In the reorganization of this charity, The Johns
Hopkins University bad assumed the care of the insane, and
my father, Dr. Councilman and I were appointed visiting
physicians. Dr. Councilman was also pathologist

At this time everything seemed to point to the early opening
of the full medical school. The buildings of the hospital were
practically finished, and there seemed to be no reason why they
should not be shortly opened. The university authorities were
completing their plans and Welch was on the spot. It was jusl
at this time that financial calamity overtook the university.
The Baltimore and Ohio common stock, of which the uhi-

Sir William Osler, Baet.

versity had nearly 15,000 shares, dropped its dividend from
10 to 8 per cent in 1886, to 4 per cent in 1887, and ceased
paying the next year; the university was struggling for life
and could not take on new obligations, so that the plans of the
medical school were indefinitely suspended. The hospital
income had not been affected as it was derived almost entirely
from real estate, and there had been no inroads on the capital
by the erection of the hospital buildings. It had, indeed,
increased, and the hospital had now become the rich member
of these organically joined twin bequests.

The time had come for the hospital to take up the work, but
for it to begin to function, men had to be found to organize
the various clinical departments. Above all, a physician-in-
chief had to be appointed and everything depended upon the
choice. The question was anxiously discussed by the two
boards of trustees and their advisers, and the little band of
students in the pathological laboratory discussed the question
with critical, impotent anxiety. Now that adversity had fallen
on the university, what hope was there that the unbroken
series of phenomenal appointments could continue? Where
could a clinician be found to match Gilman, Billings, Martin,
Remsen, and Welch, and if found, would such a man come now
that the opening of the medical school in the near future was
less than probable ? We doubted, but we did not at that time
know Dr. Osier and how impossible it would have been for
him to have refused to add his strength to the endeavor to
bring to fruition the long-nourished idea of a real university
medical school. He has given an account of his reaction to
the proposal. In speaking of Billings' visit to him in Phila-
delphia, he says: "Without sitting down, he asked me
abruptly, 'Will you take charge of the medical department
of The Johns Hopkins Hospital ? ' Without a moment's hesi-
tation I answered, 'Yes.' 'See Welch about the details; we
are to open very soon. I am very busy to-day ; good morning,'
and he was off, having been in my room not more than a couple
of minutes."

The Medical School and Osler's Advent 15

The appointment was made in the fall of 1888, and he was to
begin his service at the opening of the hospital, which was
announced for May, 1889. It soon became evident that
although it was easy to announce the opening day, it was quite
another thing to get the complicated mechanism of the hospital
organized and ready to function. In this emergency the hos-
pital appealed to the university and induced Gilman to assume
the task. The work was colossal and the time was short, and it
speaks volumes for the estimation in which Gilman's organ-
izing ability was held that no one doubted the result.

The formal opening occurred on May 7, 1889, and Osier,
with his satellites, took his place as our guiding star. He
brought Lafleur from Montreal, Scott and Toulmin from
Philadelphia, and those of us who were able to do so joined the
ever-increasing group.

The hospital annexed Welch with his already organized
department of pathology. Halsted was given charge of the
surgical department and the organization of the dispensary,
Kelly was brought in June from Philadelphia to take charge
of gynaecology, and in August Dr. Hurd, as superintendent
took over from President Gilman the direction of the hospital.

The opening of the hospital was for the trustees, the faculty,
and above all for us expectant, impatient medical novices, the
beginning of the fulfillment of long-suppressed desires. For
me the reality far surpassed the fantasy of my dreams. In the
association that was to follow, which for my part was as close
as I could make it, Osier as a physician, teacher and friend,
constantly raised my preconceived ideal. Memories of this
time overwhelm me.

The dispensary was opened first and patients were admitted
to the wards from it, and Osier, surrounded by a few of us,
himself wrote the first dispensary history. Until the ward-
were full he was constantly in the dispensary, organizing the
various subdepartments of medicine, for it was an unique
feature of the system that the services were continuous, and
that the various special departments were grouped under
either medicine or surgery. As it was in the early days of the

L6 Sir William Osler, Bart.

university, so it was with the hospital at the beginning.
Workers formed a closely united body. All that happened was
of interest to each of us. On the medical side Osier radiated
by his example and personality constant stimuli to careful
clinical work and investigation along all sorts of lines. He
pointed out problems, encouraged everyone in what he desired
to do, and was more than liberal in his commendation of work
done. His absolute generosity threw open his whole clinical
material to the use of anyone who had a problem. He urged
and assisted in the publication of the results, and saw to it that
the young men got the whole credit of the work when often it
should have gone to himself. Is it to be wondered at that such
a chief has such devoted followers ?

The Medical Society, the Journal Club, the Historical Club,
and other associations, were organized in quick succession.
Post-graduate courses were given, but the medical school of
the university seemed as far from beginning as ever. The
university trustees were not unmindful of the question, and
some of them in spite of the depleted income, were constantly
urging the establishment of the school. I have found among
my father's papers the notes of an earnest appeal on the subject
which he appears to have made to the Board of Trustees in
May, 1890. Certain women, several of whom were daughters
of trustees, who had from the first unsuccessfully sought admis-
sion for themselves and other women to the university, and
who had been told that it was planned to admit women to the
medical school when it should be established, collected money
and offered $100,000 to the trustees on condition that it should
be used to help the establishment of a medical school to which
women should be admitted on the same terms as men. On
October 29, 1890, the trustees made a minute accepting the
gift, with the proviso, however, that the university should not
establish its medical school until an endowment of $500,000
had been secured, and that women who desired to enter should
receive their preliminary education somewhere else. Miss
Mary E. Garrett, who had contributed most of the original
Women's Medical Fund, completed the endowment on Decern-

The Medical School and Osler's Advent 17

ber 22, 1892, by a gift of $306,977. Leading up to this gift
there was a protracted three-sided discussion between Miss
Garrett and her friends, the Medical Faculty and the Board of
Trustees. The outlook for an agreement was often gloomy,
and only one who was in a position to know, as I was, some-
thing of the ideas of all three parties to the negotiation, can
realize on how many occasions the scheme came close to being
abandoned. In this discussion, together with Welch and
Martin, Osier was deeply concerned. He had become very
restive under the delay of the opening of the medical school,
complained to me on one occasion of what he called the dry
bones of post-graduate teaching, and even intimated that
unless something were done he might be forced to go where
there were some real medical students.

The decision as insisted upon by Miss Garrett, to fix per-
manently by the terms of the gift the conditions for admission
to the medical school at an unprecedented standard, required
no little courage, and although the results have abundantly
justified it, it was then thought that it would greatly limit
the number of students who would apply for admission. The
first class of 17, including three women, entered in the fall
of 1893. When, in the third year, they began to work in the
hospital, first in the dispensary and then in the ward-. Osier's
genius as a medical teacher became more and more evident.
He saw to it that the students came into the closest contact with
the patients in the dispensary, and he organized the hospital
wards so that the fourth-year students took an essential part
in the management of the cases. Although tin's last had been
the intention since the inception of the hospital, and the main
building had been designed to house 20 senior students, its
practical application met with opposition and presented diffi-
culties, and it was Osier's insistence that threw open the wards
to the students, a fact, the thought of which, I think, always
gives him pleasure.

lie did, indeed, put the students into the wards, hut he did
not leave them there. He stayed with them, and if ever
medical students got clinical instruction on a university basis,
2

18 Sir William Osler, Bart.

they did. It is not given to me to speak of Osier as a teacher,
for my chapter ends with the beginning of the medical school.
For me, and for others similarly situated, who had been reared
in the expectation of the new order in medical education, the
coming of Osier ushered in the complete realization of long-
deferred hopes. He set for us a difficult goal, and helped and
cheered us on the way by his wise precepts, his kindly, friendly
commendation, his vigorous leadership, and more than all, by
simply being himself.

It is no fault of his that the finished product is no better,
but what good there is in me as a teacher and a physician I owe
to him, and on this, his birthday, I lay it at his feet in grateful
acknowledgment.

19C2.

OSLER AS CHIEF OF A MEDICAL CLINIC

By Lewellys F. Barker

Internal medicine, like other branches of science, though
making at all times some progress, is subject in its advance to
fits and starts, the result of unusual concatenations of events.
The opening of the medical clinic at The Johns Hopkins
Hospital in 1889 was an opportunity for helping on the science
and art of medicine that might amount to either much or little,
depending upon its seizure. The time corresponded to the flood-
tide of natural science. Biology, physics and chemistry had
participated in the great rise. Medicine, always quick to apply
to its own service the results of investigations in the funda-
mental sciences, had responded by establishing a whole Beries
of special medical sciences (anatomy, histology, embryology,
physiology, physiological chemistry, pharmacology, pathologi-
cal anatomy and physiology, bacteriology), to be studied and
taught by men who gave up their lives exclusively to their
promotion; these sciences were to serve as a foundation upon
which a great superstructure of clinical science and art might
be built. The place to be filled, the professorship of medicine
in The Johns Hopkins University, which carried with it tin-
appointment as physician-in-chief to The Johns Hopkins Hos-
pital, was in several ways unique, at least as far as medicine
in America was concerned. For, in the first place, according
to the will of Johns Hopkins, the well-endowed hospital un-
designed to be an integral part of the medical school of an
endowed university, and funds were provided for salaries for
the leaders of the clinics as well as for the chiefs of other uni-
versity departments, one of the circumstances that, combined
with others, led to the abandonment of the hitherto-prevailing
" proprietary medical schools " and to their replacement by
medical schools organized as parts of greai universities. In
the second place, The Johns Hopkins University, through the

19

20 Sir William Osler, Bart.

action of its trustees, and of its first president, Daniel C.
Gilman, had been organized, in all its departments, in the
interests of original research as well as of competent instruc-
tion; with distinguished investigators in the arts department
and with men like Martin and Brooks in biology and physi-
ology, Bowl and in physics, Bemsen in chemistry, and Welch
in pathology, it was clear that capacity for personal research
and the power to stimulate others to engage in fruitful re-
searches were regarded, along with ability to teach and to
organize, as essential requirements of the occupants of chairs
in the university. And, in the third place, the trustees of the
hospital, in consultation with the president of the university,
the professor of pathology, and Dr. John S. Billings of the
surgeon-general's library, had planned and built (out of
income from the endowment), a hospital that, at the time of
its completion, offered better facilities for the organization
and conduct of clinical work than had heretofore been avail-
able in the United States. The ideals cherished in the uni-
versity, the material equipment at the hospital, the oppor-
tunities and possible rewards open to the clinical leaders who
might be appointed, combined to provide unparalleled places
for occupancy. If, then, for these positions clinical men could
be found, who, by native ability and experience, would measure
up to the extraordinary time and the unusual opportunities,
success in the highest sense for the new institution would seem
to be ensured. The chair of medicine is, by common consent,
the most important clinical chair in a university medical
school. For this professorship the university faculty recom-
mended, and the trustees confirmed, the appointment of
Dr. William Osier, then engaged in teaching medicine in the
University of Pennsylvania and in consultation practice in
Philadelphia. A member of a distinguished Canadian family,
trained in medicine first in the University of Toronto and in
McGill University in Montreal, and, later, as a graduate stu-
dent, in the clinics and laboratories of England, France and
Germany, interested and occupied in research and teaching in
histology, physiology, pathology and parasitology as well as in

As Chief of a Medical Clinic 21

internal medicine, and possessing personal qualities that even
in youth marked him as a potential leader of men, the ap-
pointee entered upon his work with an enthusiasm that was
stimulating, began to organize his department, selecting a
group of young men as assistants, and soon set an example in
practice, teaching and investigation that was contagious. The
office and the man were suited to one another. The time, the
place, and the person formed a happy conjuncture that was to
mean much for internal medicine in America and in the world.
Of the set of brief contributions here published concerning
Professor Osier's work in Baltimore, those dealing with his
practice, his teaching, and his original inquiries are written
by others; the part assigned to me is the preparation of a
memorandum outlining the principles to which he, as the
organizer of a medical clinic, persistently adhered, and the
methods he employed in their practical application. He had
very definite ideas of what a medical clinic should be and he
felt keenly the responsibility of seeing to it that the functions
of the clinic were faithfully performed. For him, the welfare
of the patients who presented themselves in the clinic for
diagnosis and treatment came first; next, came into considera-
tion how undergraduate and graduate students could best be
taught; and, finally, came solicitude that every opportunity
for contributing to the advance of our knowledge of internal
medicine should be eagerly seized. He took care to promote in
every way possible the material, the scientific, and the moral
interests of all who were associated with him in his work : his
personal advantage concerned him but little, though to anyone
who aimed at such objects and achieved such purposes as he
did, a modicum of profit and a maximum of honor am]
prestige were bound to accrue. The principles he fixed upon
and the methods he used to illustrate them were manifoldly
derived. In part they grew out of personal practical experi-
ence, in part they had their origin in other clinics in this
country and in Europe. Men who were familiar with clinical
work and clinicians in the larger centers of America, those
who had "walked the hospitals" of London and Edinburgh,

22 Sir William Osler, Bart.

those who know the laboratories and the clinical institutes of
Austria, Germany and Holland, and those who had visited the
clinics conducted by the best internists in France, had no
difficulty in recognizing the sources of certain of the features
of the organization of the medical service in Baltimore. Pro-
fessor Osier's clinic synthesized diverse elements into a har-
monious whole; it represented a new form, good in itself for
its time, and yet plastic enough to admit of remoulding at
later need. The limits of this article will permit of only brief
comment upon the plan of organization and upon the way it
was managed.

Where activities are complex, be they those of a factory, of a
business office, of a scientific laboratory, or of a medical or
surgical clinic, organization and management are two execu-
tive functions that must be properly exercised, if the work is to
be successful. Organization involves: (1) An investigation
of the conditions that exist and of the requirements of the
whole situation; (2) the planning of a scheme that will meet
the requirements, that will effectively and systematically cor-
relate the activities of the working force, the materials, the
equipment and the working space, so that the functions of the
institution shall be competently, speedily and economically
performed; and (3) the actual installation of the system as
planned. Management, or the art of conducting an establish-
ment after its organization has been devised and initiated,
involves : (1) The attainment of the results that are aimed at ;
(2) the overcoming of obstacles that are incident to the con-
ditions under which the work has to be done; and (3) the
application of knowledge and skill in the training of the staff,
in the setting up and in the maintaining of standards, in the
providing of suitable incentives, and in the establishing of
right relationships between the leader and the led. The head
of an institution, or of a department, who creates an organiza-
tion that is adequate, and who manages it with skill, demon-
strates his executive capacity.

On Professor Osier's appointment as physician-in-chief to
The Johns Hopkins Hospital in 1888, he found certain con-

As Chief of a Medical Clixic 23

ditions already existing that were to some extent determining,
at least as far as the general organization of the institution was
concerned. The buildings already completed included one for
general administration, with a building on each side of it for
private patients, a long row of public ward buildings behind, a
building for a general out-patient department, a nurses' home,
a pathological laboratory, a general kitchen and a laundry. In
other words, a " general hospital," in which medical and surgi-
cal patients (free and pay) were to be received, distributed and
treated, and in which, later on, medical students were to be
taught, had been constructed on the pavilion system. There
was no spatial concentration of the work of the single depart-
ments in separate institutes such as had already developed in
some of the European centers, or, as was later adopted in the
institutes built for psychiatry and pediatrics on the grounds
of The Johns Hopkins Hospital ; on the contrary, to pass from
some of his private patients in Ward B at the southwest corner
of the grounds to some of his public-ward patients at the
northeast corner, the internist and his staff were compelled to
walk through corridors that extended along two sides of a
square containing 14 acres ! As in most general hospitals the
functions of general superintendency, financing, accounting,
nursing, purveying and housekeeping had been centralized,
and with them the heads of the clinical departments had but
little to do. But, thus relieved of much administrative detail,
the head of the medical department, who was appointed per-
manently and had a continuous service, was to have a large
degree of autonomy in the diagnosis and treatment of patients.
in the selection of his staff, in the character and amount of his
teaching, and in the conduct of research. His staff was to con-
sist (1) of younger men who lived in the hospital and gave
their whole time to the department, and (2) of senior asso-
ciates who lived outside, giving part of their time to the
hospital and part to private practice. The chief of the medical
service was to be paid a salary in order that he might make the
work of the hospital and of the medical school his main occu-
pation and interest, though he was permitted to supplement

24 Sir William Osler, Bart.

his income and clinical experience by private consultations.
The activities of the different clinical departments were to be
correlated partly by the general superintendent of the hospital,
and partly by a medical advisory board that made recommen-
dations to the trustees of the hospital. When Professor Osier
arrived, the buildings, and the general plan of organization
already completed, had to be accepted as they were ; the plans
of his department had to be drawn so as to fit into them.

It was fortunate that The Johns Hopkins Medical School
was not opened until 1893 and that clinical instruction of
undergraduates did not begin until 1895, for six years were
thus available for perfecting the organization of the wards, the
out-patient department, the laboratories, the staff, the records,
the library, the hospital, the medical society, and the care of
patients in the hospital before the function of teaching under-
graduates was added. Courses for post-graduate students
were, it is true, offered during this period, but the number of
candidates was small and the work was not burdensome. With
few patients at first, a small staff, and a limited amount of
post-graduate instruction, leisure was given for making plans
(and for modifying them after small-scale trials in executing
them), for instituting standards, for writing a text-book that
concisely embodied the principles and practice of medicine and
that was destined to have an unprecedented distribution among
physicians and students, and, in general, for establishing tra-
ditions of the better sort in the clinic. With the organization
thus far planned and installed before the students of the
medical school entered upon their clinical work, it was a
relatively easy matter to expand it and to adapt it to the func-
tions of undergraduate instruction when the time for this
arrived.

When the definitive history of Professor Osier's work in
Baltimore is written, many details of his analysis of the func-
tions of the clinic, of his applications of the principle of
division of labor in the clinic, of his methods of selecting men,
of assigning them to appropriate tasks, and of motivating them
to high endeavor, and of the personal qualities through which

As Chief of a Medical Clinic 25

he exerted that profound and lasting influence upon patients,
students, assistants, and colleagues for which he is so widely
known, must be recorded. The scope of the present memo-
randum will permit mention of only a few of the more out-
standing features of his organization and management, of
those parts that made his clinic so successful a department of
a university teaching hospital as it is known to have been.

One important element of success in the new clinic was the
arrangement for a graded staff, particularly for a graded,
whole-time, resident staff, among the members of which the
responsibilities of the work were divided, not according to a
so-called " military type," but rather in the manner of the
so-called " composite functional type " of organization. The
professor of medicine (physician-in-chief to the hospital),
though giving most of his time to the work of the clinic, lived
outside the hospital, as did the associate professors who
" visited " the wards, the out-patient department, and the
laboratories. The resident physician, the assistant residenl
physicians, and the medical internes lived in the hospital and
were in close contact with the work always by day and as far
as was necessary also by night. The resident staff of the clinic
consisted of two parts: (1) A lower resident staff constituted
by the medical internes appointed for a Bingle year, usually on
graduation with high standing from the medical school; and
(2) an upper resident staff made up of the resident physician
and several assistant resident physicians, usually men of excep-
tional promise, men who had already served as hospital internes
and who were willing to enter upon a more or less prolonged
resident service, often of several years' duration, in order to
secure the best possible training for the " higher walks " of
internal medicine. This upper staff was chosen partly from
the lower staff, partly, in order to prevent " inbreeding,"
from members of the resident staffs of hospitals in distant
medical centers. The position of chief resident physician,
which carried with it large responsibilities and opportunitn-.
was a prize to be won only by men of exceptional ability, ex-
tensive experience, and favorable promise. Thus, those receiv-

26 Sir William Osler, Bart.

ing it in Professor Osier's time, included Henry A. Lafleur
(1889-1891), William S. Thayer (1891-1898), Thomas B.
Futcher (1898-1901), Thomas McCrae (1901-1904), and
Rufus I. Cole (190-4-1906). The careers of these men during
their terms of service and since illustrate on the one hand the
wisdom of him who selected them, and on the other the growth-
promoting influence of the duties and authority attached to
the office. The assistant residents, even those who did not
later become chief resident physicians, often continued in office
for several years. Such an upper resident staff, supported by
internes and by senior students, besides forming a whole-time
group of enthusiastic young internists for development under
ideal conditions, afforded an excellent working force for carry-
ing on the routine of the wards, laboratories, and out-patient
department; this left the physician-in-chief and his visiting
associates largely free for planning, standardizing, supervising
and controlling the practice in the clinic, for teaching, and for
promoting original inquiries. The historian bent on analyzing
the conditions of achievement in Professor Osier's clinic will
do well to consider carefully the significance of this upper
resident staff.

A second characteristic feature of the medical clinic organ-
ized by Professor Osier was the introduction of more extensive
and more systematic courses of instruction in the practical-
technical methods of gathering data regarding disturbances of
structure and function in the sick than had before been cus-
tomary. The importance of careful history-making and of
accurate physical diagnosis had been, it is true, generally
recognized ; but the machinery of instruction in these forms of
fact-accumulation had been inadequate in the majority of
medical clinics, and one of the first tasks of the new clinic con-
sisted in planning and installing a better organization for this
purpose, and in seeing to it that the example set by all who
participated in the practical work of diagnosis in the clinic
was consistent with the methodological teaching. The most
distinctive advance made in instruction in technique was,
however, the establishment of a systematic course in the appli-

As Chief of a Medical Clixic 27

cation of the laboratory methods of chemistry, physics, and
biology to the study of patients. Students in their third year
of the medical school were not only taught the principles of
these methods, but for two or three afternoons throughout the
year were thoroughly drilled in the practical technique of these
methods, so that, when the course had been completed, each
student had attained to real skill in the use of all the more
important ways of examining clinically the blood, the stomach
juice, the feces, the urine, and the cerebrospinal fluid. No
medical school has yet devised a perfect system of training,
and the graduates of The Johns Hopkins Medical School,
like those of other schools, doubtless exhibit certain special
defects, but by common consent, they are well-trained in the
methods of gathering clinical facts and especially in the
technical procedures of the clinical laboratory. By many it is
believed that, of the several contributions made by Professor
Osier to the organization of the clinic, the development of the
clinical laboratory and of the thorough education of students
by competent instructors in clinical laboratory work before
entering upon their duties in the medical wards is pre-
ponderant.

A third distinctive mark of the organization in Dr. Osier's
clinic was the arrangement by which each student of the
medical school became for a considerable period a member of
the group that actually did the work of the diagnosis of disease
and of the treatment of patients in the hospital. Thus each
student in his third year, after having had instruction in
history-making and in the elements of physical diagnosis,
assisted, under the supervision and control of instructors, in
recording histories and in making physical examinations in
the out-patient department. More important still, through the
fourth year of the course, each third of the class acted suc-
cessively for three months as " clinical clerks " in the sta-
tionary medical clinic, giving their whole time to the work of
the medical wards. Thus the medical staff was reinfond]
during the entire school year by 30 student assistants, who.
under the eye of the resident staff, took the histories of all new

28 Sir William Oslek, Bart.

patients, assisted the interne? in the making of the first
physical examinations, made all the clinical laboratory tests
on these patients, and accompanied their chief on morning
rounds. At these rounds, the clinical clerk gave orally an
epitome of the findings in the patient, watched the processes of
control examinations used by the professor, and participated
at the bedside in discussions of the pathological-physiological,
pathological-anatomical, and etiological bearings of the case.
He looked up recent articles on the subject and reported them
at later ward rounds, followed the patient to the operating
room if surgical procedure were indicated, watched the effects
of the treatment employed in the case of each patient directly
assigned to him, and kept in touch with him during conva-
lescence at his home after discharge from the hospital, or in
the event of a fatal issue attended the autopsy and the patho-
logical-clinical conference that followed it. The fact that
through all this he was regarded as an integral part of the
working group of the clinic, the knowledge that the anamneses
he registered and the results of laboratory tests he made be-
came a part of the permanent records of the hospital, the feel-
ing of responsibility he had when he realized that the diagnosis
made and the treatment instituted were based in part upon
data accumulated by him, the personal relationships estab-
lished between student and professor at the hospital and on
delightful Saturday nights at the professor's home at 1 West
Franklin Street — all this combined to make the time of the
clinical clerkship in Professor Osier's clinic a period of rich
experience and of intense stimulation, never to be forgotten
by any pupil who passed through it. Even in the more formal
teaching of the clinic, it was Professor Osier's custom to permit
the clinical clerk to have a share. Thus, at the main teaching
event of the week, the crowded Saturday clinic in the amphi-
theater, where all the students of the third and fourth year,
the whole resident staff, many of the visiting physicians of the
hospital, physicians of the town and medical men from a dis-
tance were assembled, the clinical clerk gave a part of the
clinic; he was always asked to tell the audience briefly (and

As Chief of a Medical Clinic 29

from memory unaided by notes) the main points of the
anamnesis of the patient and was called upon from time to
time throughout the hour to report on laboratory tests and
X-ray findings, or to give his opinion of the significance of
some datum. The pupil-teacher thus grew accustomed to fac-
ing a large audience and to thinking and speaking on his feet,
an admirable preparation for some of the contingencies of later
professional life. The student-assistantships in the out-patient
department (in the third year) and the clinical-clerkships and
all that they implied (in the fourth year) were, then, vital
parts of the organization of The Johns Hopkins Medical
Clinic.

Though the organization of the clinic in Baltimore pre-
sented, as we have seen, an interesting combination of novel
features, no organization, no matter how well planned and
installed, can function effectively without the skilful applica-
tion of the art of management, and in the art of management
the director of this clinic was to prove that he was a master.
Thoroughly familiar himself with the principles, methods and
problems of internal medicine, enthusiastic about, and for his
time well trained in, the preclinical sciences that are funda-
mental, he possessed that personal experience in his subject
and that superior ability that are always prerequisites to
competence as a manager and to the command of the respect of
those that are to be managed. He understood human nature
and loved it, despite its faults and its frailties; no chief ever
secured in greater measure the good-will and loyalty of his
staff. Though he could be firm on occasion, he rarely found
need to act as a strict disciplinarian. II- was always cognizant
of the good qualities of those about him, and though not blind
to their defects he had learned that great lesson of successful
management that, for most subordinates, a word of apprecia-
tion is of far greater value as a stimulus to good work than a
volume of carping criticism. He possessed to an extraordinary
degree the capacity of making you feel that he was interested
in you and in your personal welfare; to come into contact with
him meant, for most, the birth of a genuine affection for him.

30 Sir William Oslek, Bart.

lie had an orderly mind and manner; he landed punctuality
in a doctor and was always punctual himself. He seemed,
never to be in a hurry and yet he wasted no time. Many a man
recalling an interview that seemed leisurely when it occurred
has been surprised, on analyzing it afterward, to find how brief
it had been. He belonged to the first of the two groups — the
"larks'" and the "owls"— into which men have been play-
fully divided. He retired early and was an early riser. At
one time he lived for some months in the hospital and it is
asserted that men learned to set their watches at 10 p. m. by
the sound of his boots as they dropped on the floor outside his
door. His more important work was done in the morning
hours ; for him " great business must be wrought ere noon " ;
private consultations were relegated to the later hours of the
day. His power immediately to grasp the significance of situa-
tions, his ability to make quick decisions, his unfailing tact
and discretion, together with his wide sympathies and his
lively sense of humor made it a pleasure to transact business
with him. His ideals he kept ever before him and was am-
bitious to realize them, and these ideals and this ambition
were alluring also to those whom he led. Much might be
written, were there space, of the ways in which he overcame
obstacles and met important emergencies, of the motives he
appealed to when he desired to excite men to action or to
arrive at a decision, and, in general, of those traits of character
that act " directly by presence, and without means," or what
is sometimes called " personal magnetism.'' Many of the
qualities that make for successful management, though easy
enough to recognize when they exist, are difficult of analysis
and perplexing to the understanding. Some men are able to
-ccure control without contest; "whether they stand or walk
or sit or whatever thing they do," they can place men under
their power. Of such character-control and of prestige-control
Professor Osier had his full share. But, more important than
these, he had grasped, as it were intuitively, the newer prin-
ciples of association and of group organization. A man of
many selves, lie could enter into helpful association with many

As Chief of a Medical Clinic 31

different groups, letting his mind interact with the other
minds of each group for the purpose of arriving at ideas, feel-
ings and impulses in common. More than most he had learned
how to live with other men, to discuss without antagonism, to
secure co-operation by the subtle psychic process of reciprocal
penetration. In this lay the secret of his co-ordinating power.
He knew not only how to bring the various activities of his
clinic into proper relation with one another, but also how to
link the clinic with other departments of the university, with
the medical profession, with the public near and far, and
with national and international associations of different kinds.
Through his power as an organizer and as a manager Professor
Osier might, then, have truthfully said, as did one of old, " I
magnify mine office." And it is precisely capacity for such
magnification of office that, along with ability to plan and to
direct, is a distinguishing criterium of the superior executive.

SOME OF THE EAELY MEDICAL WORK OF SIR
WILLIAM OSLER

By W. T. Councilmax

William Osier, the son of the Rev. F. L. Osier, was born
in Tecumseh, Ontario, in 1849. He was one of a large family,
and his ancestors were a vigorous, long-lived race. He gradu-
ated from Trinity College, Toronto, in 1868, began the study
of medicine in the University of Toronto, and after two years
went to McGill University, Montreal, where he received the
M. D. degree in 1872. From 1872 to 1871 he studied abroad,
working in the various London clinics, in the laboratory of
University College, London, and in the laboratories and
clinics of Berlin and Vienna. He came in contact with many
eminent men, studied methods of work and of teaching, and
the influence of this period of European study is seen in his
after career. In 1873 he obtained the licentiate of the
College of Physicians of London, in 1878 he was made a
member of the college, and in 1884 was elected to the fellow-
ship. In 1874 he returned to Montreal, was made lecturer
on the institutes of medicine, and shortly afterwards was
given the professorship. Under the institutes of medicine
were comprised the courses in physiology and pathology, the
latter limited to 20 lectures. At the end of 1874 he was made
physician to the Small-pox Hospital, and in the following year,
owing to the interest which lie showed in comparative anatomy,
the professorship of helminthology, in the Veterinary School
of the university, was taken into his already full hands. I
shall discuss here only his early work, extending through the
first four years of the Montreal period.

Beyond the bare facts, we know but little of his early
education. In his various writings there are only scanty
allusions to it save in the Toronto address, in which ho men-
tions three men who were his early teachers and to whom he
2 33

3l Sir William Osler, Bart.

says he owes everything he has attained in life. These were
the Eev. W. A. Johnson, of Weston, Ontario; Dr. James
Bovell, of Trinity College, later professor of the institutes of
medicine in Toronto University, and Prof. Eobert Palmer
Howard, of Montreal.

I have been able to learn but little of the Eev. W. A. John-
son, but it is evident that he was one of the many clergymen of
the Church of England who have sought in various scientific
pursuits a wider range of intellectual activity than is given by
their profession.* I have gained this conception of the
Eeverend Johnson from two passages in the early writings of
Dr. Osier. In the first article published by him (Canadian
Diatomaceae, Canadian Naturalist, 1870) when he was a
student in Toronto, he thanks him for assistance in the use of
books and microscopical apparatus. In this article there is an
admirable description of the structure, mode of division and
propagation of the diatom, which is evidently based upon
observation. The mode of motion of the organisms is dis-
cussed and he is inclined to accept the hypothesis advocated by

* The Scottish Church has produced very few of these men,
and they have been rare in America. However singular this may
seem, the reasons are obvious. The clergy of the Church of
England possessed a liberal education, and the taking of orders
did not demand any extensive preparation for the examinations.
Most of them had an assured living in pleasant country surround-
ings, and the dogma was simple, fixed, and did not admit of con-
troversy. Proselyting was not actively pursued in the English
church, and the souls of their simple parishioners were not a
serious care. They must have found little intellectual stimulus
in the society of the country squires, and many of them were
perforce driven into the study of botany and other branches of
natural science. The Scottish church, on the other hand, de-
manded long and arduous preparation for the ministry, and most
of its members did not have the background ot a liberal educa-
tion. Like the Scottish character, the church was a fierce,
aggressive force, its dogma logical and uncompromising, and
its defence and extension involved a constant controversy, which
left little time for the calm study of nature. In this country
the conflicts of the sects give sufficient intellectual diversion.

Early Medical Work 35

Professor Schultze, of Bonn. At the close he gives a list of
105 diatoms which he had collected and classified, giving also
the localities where they were found and their frequency. He
must have been for a long time interested in the subject and
the organisms were collected over an extensive area. He gives
credit to Mr. Johnson for having given him several of the
specimens. Be refers also to another clergyman, the Rev. Mr.
Keade, who had invented a prism by the use of which the
shell markings could be studied to better advantage, and which
was Loaned to him by Professor Bovell. The article shows
familiarity with the microscope and capacity to use literature.
The second reference to Mr. Johnson I have found in an
article L2 years later (On Canadian Fresh Water Polyzoa,
Canadian Naturalist, L882) which was read before the Natural
History Society. There is here also an admirable description
of the organisms with the differentiation of the species, but its
main interesl is in Bhowing how early Osier — probably through
the influence of Mr. Johnson —became interested in the study
of nature. " In the summer of L867, during a visit of my
friend, the Rev. W. A. Johnson, <>f Weston, I Bhowed him the
masses (the gelatinous aggregates of the Pectinatella o
nifica of Leidj I and we agreed to Bubje< t them to examination
by the microscope, not having any idea as to their real nature.
Judge of our delighl when we found the whole Burface of the
jelly was composed of a collection of tiny animals of surpass
beauty, each of which thrust out to our view in the zoophyte
trough a crescent-shaped crown of tentacles/5 \ foot-i
Bpeaks of another clergyman, thi I.'- . Thomas Him ks, as the
distinguished authority on British polyzoa.

His Becond teacher, Dr. James Bovell, seems to have been
an interesting character. He was born in Barbados in 1817,
went to England in 1834, Btudied at Guy's Hospital, and I
the medical degree in Glasgow in L838. He then went to
Dublin, Btudied under Stokes and Graves for Beveral years and
after a Bevere attack of typhus fever, against the advice of his
friends, who predicted a brillianl medical career, returned to
Barbados. From there he went to < anada in l- •- ; i"<>k pari

36 Sir William Osler, Bart.

in the establishment of the medical faculty of Trinity College,
became dean and professor of the institutes of medicine, and
also professor of natural theology. After the disruption of
this medical school he held a similar medical position in
Toronto University. In 1870 he returned to the West Indies
where he remained until his death. While there he took
orders in the English Church and published a book on Natural
Theology. He was regarded as an impractical, improvident
man, was loved by his students and friends and took great
delight in metaphysical discussions. Osier came under his
influence in Trinity College, and in Toronto University, and
he has dedicated to him the first pathological report of the
Montreal General Hospital. It is not improbable that, through
these two men and the atmosphere of his home, Osier acquired
the interest in biblical and ecclesiastical literature which was
such a prominent characteristic of his later life.

The third of these men was Dr. Eobert Palmer Howard,
professor of medicine in McGill University, whom Osier speaks
of as his second father. He was a greatly respected teacher
and practitioner of medicine and exerted a wide influence, but
he was not a prolific writer.

While in London, Osier published two articles from the
laboratory of University College. The first, " On the Action
of Atropia, Physostigma, and Curare on the Colorless Blood
Corpuscles," was read before the Eoyal Microscopical Society
in 1873, and published in its journal. Such a paper as this
was rather unusual at the meetings of the society which were
mostly taken up with descriptions of microscopes, methods of
preparation of microscopic objects, etc. The object of the
investigation was to determine whether the antagonism be-
tween atropia and physostigma, which Fraser had shown to
exist, could be demonstrated in the behavior of colorless cor-
puscles under the microscope, and the result was negative. It
was interesting to find in the same volume with the paper of
Dr. Osier a long, interesting and scathing review of Bastian's
Beginnings of Life which had just appeared.

Early Medical Work 37

The second article, "An Account of Certain Organisms
Found in the Liquor Sanguinis/' was published in lv;
appearing in the Proceedings of the Royal Society. This
forms one of the most important of Dr. Osiers contributions
to medicine and demands a more detailed description in order
to do justice to the originality shown in tin's article. From
the massive lit. nature on the subject four articles may be
singled out, each of which was an important contribution to
knowledge. In 1865, in the article of Max Schultze on the
blood, certain bodies afterwards known as blood plates were
for the lir.-t time adequately described; the second was the
article by Osier, the third by Uizzozero in 1882, in which he
gave a new method for their study and showed the part they
played in thrombus Formation, and the fourth by J. II. Wright
in 1910, who demonstrated their histogenesis. The name
blood plates, given to the bodies by Bizzozem. has been adopted.
It would be difficult to Bay who first saw and described them.
At tin- period the fresh unstained blood was being actively
examined by many with a view to the discoverv of micro-

anisms which mighl be the cans.- of infectious >'
Zimmermann, in Rust's Magazin t d. gesammte Beilkunde in
18 16, and again in Virchow's Archives, Vol. 1 v. »w and

described the bodies as -mall globules which 1 rded as the

elementary corpuscles from which the blood cells develop, but
his description was vi r. vague and be did not Bharply separate
them from other granules in the blood. The very remarkable
article on the blood cells by Ma\ Schulta by it- title

'• Kin Eeizbare Objecttisch und Beine Verwendung bei Onter-
Buchungen des Blutes" (Arch. f. Mikro. Anatomie, Bd. 1.
L865), the subject of the article much better than usually
happens, in Bpite of the ingenuity which is often displayed in
doing this. After a description of the variel I the white
corpuscles, the accuracy of which excites our admiration i
now. he Baya " In the blood no constituent is without impor-
tance, and in conclusion I will .all attention to a normal form

constituent of the human hi 1 which up t<» the present has

been entirely neglected. I find in my blood and in the blood

38 Sir William Osler, Baet.

of numerous persons of different ages more or less abundant,
irregular masses of colorless globules, the masses varying in
size according to the number of globules which compose them.
The globules themselves are from one to two micra in diameter
and also occur separately in the blood. I have found three,
four and even hundreds joined together, forming plaques of
irregular size, 80 or more micra in diameter. These structures,
on account of their irregular size and shape, give the impres-
sion of broken up tissue elements.'' *

This was the condition when young Osier was probably given
the subject for investigation in the laboratory. He showed
that these granular masses of Schultze were not present in the
circulating blood, but were formed at the moment of examina-
tion by a rapid aggregation of the single bodies. He showed
this by microscopic study of the blood, and also by the direct
examination in salt solution of small clippings from the
connective tissue of the rat in which he found the single bodies
and not the masses of them, within the small blood vessels.
He also showed that the conception of their presence in the
blood in aggregations was untenable because the masses could
not pass through the capillaries. He described the small
bodies as exhibiting amoeboid activity and saw filaments form
in connection with them, which were probably fibrin. The
article is admirable, clear and concisely expressed, with full
literature references. The next reference to the blood plates
is in an article ''Infectious Endocarditis" (Seguin's Arch.,
1881), and here he anticipates Bizzozero's view of the part
they play in thrombus formation. " In one case of mitral
stenosis a fresh vegetation when teased showed many closely
packed spherules, some of which were larger than those met

* I have quoted from this article for one reason because it was
used as a reference in the course of physiology given by Newell
Martin in 1878, and the plate when I opened the volume appeared
as a familiar friend. No one appreciated more than did Doctor
Osier the importance of familiarizing students with the original
sources of knowledge, and this was always done in Martin's
laboratory.

Early Medical Work 39

with in the ulcerative form. [These were the masses of
micrococci.] I was greatly struck with the resemblance which
certain of these bodies, in this instance, bore to the individual
elements of Schultze's granule masses — those peculiar, granu-
lar clumps common in the blood of some animals and of
impoverished* persons." In 1882 there appeared a further
article, " Ueber den dritten Formbestandteil des Blutes," in
the Centralblatt f. d. med. Wissensch., Xo. 30, in which he
emphasized the part they played in the formation of thrombi
and a final article "On the Third Corpuscle of the Blood,"
Medical \<\\s, 1883, a rather popular presentation of the
subject.

Osier returned to Montreal in 1874, bringing to his future
work a remarkable equipment. He was 25 years old, possessed
a vigorous healthy body, and a well-trained mind. His family
was well and favorably known in the community, which gives
no small advantage in a conservative society. He had received
a valuable education, probably more valuable though different
from that which men are now receiving. He had come into

close contact with men of high ideals and Lr 1 methods of

work, he poss< seed the methods by which kno^ ledge is obtained
and bad already made important i ontributions which gave him
a reputation. He further bad enthusiasm and the art of
inspiring thi< in bis student-, native kindness of heart, b
candid, open disposition, a greal capacity not only for making
friends, but for arousing the feeling of affection, and a fine
Bense Of humor, never used to hurt, which made bun a BOUght

and delightful companion. He wrote well and easily, ex-
pressed himself -imply and clearly, leaving DO doubt as to the
meaning, and the matter was well arranged. In Bpite of the
number of these early article-, they all show care in prepara-
tion. He bad also great capacity for work, and ambition, with
a definite end in view. For such a man there are always

•Osier did not usually use such ambiguous expressions; the
presence of such masses in the blood might be regarded as one
of the disadvantages of economic poverty.

40 Sir William Osler, Bart.

opportunities waiting, and Osier found them in Montreal, as
he would have found them anywhere, even with his friend
Bovell in Nevis.

In the latter part of 1874, in addition to his position in the
university, he was made physician to the Small-pox Hospital,
which gave him opportunities for clinical study and an interest
in the disease which he has always retained. With the salary
which the position gave he purchased microscopes for teaching
in the medical school. In 1876 he published in the Canadian
Medical and Surgical Journal three articles on small-pox :
(1) "The Initial Eashes of Small-pox"; (2) "On Hemor-
rhagic Small-pox"; (3) "A Form of Hemorrhagic Small-
pox," which are valuable contributions to our knowledge of
the disease. They show accurate observation, good clinical
judgment and a marked power of differentiation of conditions
both clinical and pathological. He had studied skin diseases
with Tilbury Fox in England, and the influence of these
studies is shown here. It was an important work for him, for
in the Small-pox Hospital he first acquired the power of close
observation of skin lesions and the ability of differentiation
and description which was afterwards such a marked feature
in his clinical work.

A very interesting article appeared in the same journal in
1876, " On the Pathology of Miner's Lung." It is based upon
the examination of the lungs of a coal-miner who died in the
Small-pox Hospital, and in whom the condition was very
marked, and several other cases showing various degrees of the,
same condition. It is a good piece of work, shows much
originality, and is to be regarded as the best article in English
on the disease, which was first described by Pearson in 1813.
In this article for the first time the large mononuclear phago-
cytes were differentiated from the smaller corpuscles, and
Osier showed that the large cells were those most actively con-
cerned in the phagocytosis of the carbon. He says : " One
most curious specimen was observed. On an elongated piece
of carbon three cells were attached, one on either end and a
third in the middle, so that the whole had a striking resem-

Early Medical Work 41

blance to a dumb-bell. I could hardly credit this at first, until
by touching the top cover and causing the whole to roll over,
I quite satisfied myself that the ends of the rods were com-
pletely embedded in the corpuscles and the middle portion
entirely surrounded by another." His description of the
position of the carbon in the lungs and its relation to the
lymphatics is accurate. He gives a figure of a microscopic
piece of coal which was found and which showed the scalari-
form tissue of ferns, thus proving its origin, and another piece
with two holes representing the dotted cells of firwood. In
conclusion, there is an experimental study of the effect of
foreign bodies in the tissue made by the injection of india ink
into the axillae and lungs of kittens.

The study of the blood plates gave him a familiarity with
blood examination which he utilized in the study of anaemia,
and there are several papers on this in L877. The first of
these, "A Case of Progressive Pernicious Anaemia," was pub-
liflhed in association with Dr. Gardner in the Canadian Medi-
cal and Surgical Journal. It i- probable that Osier wrote the

paper and was res] Bible I'm- the blood examination ami the

description of the autopsy, which Bhowed the usual conditions
found in the disease. It is a good type of medical paper, the
descriptions of the blood ami of the marrow changes are
accurate, and the relation between the blood changes and the
marrow, which had been described by Cohnheim in the same
vear. is confirmed. An abstract of this article, with detailed
measurements of the various blood cells " I'eber die Beschaf-
fenheil des Blutes und Knochenmarkes in d. progressiven
perniciosei Anamie" was published in the Centralblatt E. d.
med. Wissensch., 1877, \<>. 15, and a Becond article in the
same journal on the study of a second case. Another article
on the Bame subject, in which he v. ociated with l>r. Bell,

appeared in the Transactions of the Canadian Medical A
ciation. and here he gives Addison the credit Eor having first
recognized and described the disease under the name of
idiopathic anaemia. There ie a final article in the following
year. " Entwickelung von Blutkorperchen im Knochenmark

42 Sir William Osler, Bart.

bei pernicioser Aniimie," Centralblatt f. d. med. Wissensch.,
1878, in which he confirms Neumann's results of the study of
blood formation in the marrow.

During this period also he wrote a number of articles on
comparative pathology, the first on " Verminous Bronchitis in
Dogs, with Description of a New Parasite " was published in
the Veterinarian, London, 1877. He found this parasite in
the bronchi in an epidemic among dogs in Montreal. He gives
an accurate description of the parasite, and the points of
differentiation. It has been accepted as an original descrip-
tion and credited to him, the name Filaria osleri being one of
its synonyms. The only mistake he made was in classing the
organism among the strongyli and not the filarise, the main
difference being that the strongylus is oviparous and the para-
site described by him produces living embryos. The lobular
pneumonia which he found, associated with the presence of
the parasites in the bronchi, he referred to the inhalation of
inflammatory products produced by them. The paper closes
with a discussion of the mode of infection which he thought
was by the direct inhalation of the dried embryos and it would
have been more valuable had he subjected this theory to experi-
mental test. There is also a paper on Trichina spiralis
(Canadian Journal of Medical Sciences, 1876) which gives
a good description of the disease and the life history of the
organism, but which does not add anything new, and there are
a number of other articles which appeared at intervals up to
the time he left Montreal for Philadelphia. In the last article,
" An Investigation into the Pork Supply of Montreal," which
was conducted in association with one of his students in the
veterinary school, A. W. Clement, who was afterwards well
known in the early days of the pathological laboratory of The
Johns Hopkins, he speaks of having made 900 autopsies in
Montreal, in four of which trichina? were found.

There are two interesting addresses in the period. The first
was to the graduating class in medicine in 1875. It was prob-
ably the habit of the faculty to place the burden of such an
address upon the youngest member. Beading over this address,

Early Medical Work 43

one is conscious that Osier had very little interest in it. Prob-
ably he looked over other addresses given on similar occasions
and they must have been a very poor lot. He gives the usual
good advice to the students, telling them to keep up their
reading, to observe patients well, and even at this early period
introduces Sir Thomas Browne, but he does not use him
effectively. It seems by far the worst thing he ever published ;
there is no trace of humor in it, and no indication of the
remarkable power he Bhowed in his later addresses.

The second address is of a totally different character. It
represents much more work and care in preparation, as though
Osier had concluded that giving addresses was to be part of his
future work and that they should be good. There are a num-
ber of quotations, many of them apt, the usual good advice to
students, and some really inspiring sentiments, well expressed.
For instance, " You will have moments when the way appears
rugged, and the outlook dark, but never fear; others have
succeeded in the face of the same difficulties and with patience
and perseverance you will do so too. Banish the future. Live
only for the hour and it- allotted work. Think not of the
amount to be accomplished, the difficulties to be overcome, or
the end to !»■ attained, bul Bel earnestly at the little task at
your elbow, Letting that be sufficient for the day. for surely our
plain duty i- ' not to Bee what dimly lies at a distance, hut to
do what lies clearly ai hand.' " It Is difficult to give a student
better advice than this. « u' the family physician he says " But
while the soldier and the statesman win honor and fame, the
family physician will draw to himself the love and gratitude
of manifold hearts; he will have do enemies, martial or
political: and his Labors, if directed by a wise and prudent
skill, will be for the welfare and benefil of all."

From L872 to 1878 was a greal period in medicine: it ju-t
preceded the bacteriological era in which the nature of infec-
tion was established; Pasteur had completed his studies on
fermentation and the Bilk-worm disease and was in the midsl
of his revolutionary work on anthrax: Koch, an obscure
country physician, was beginning his studies on bacteria and

44 Sir William Osler, Bart.

developing the methods which made their scientific study
possible; Yirchow was at the height of his fame; Cohnheim
and Weigert had begun in Breslau and in Leipsic their remark-
able work ; a new university in Strasburg had just been estab-
lished which became famed through its products; physiology,
in England and under Ludwig in Leipsic, had taken a new
life; Lister in England was in the midst of the work which
revolutionized surgery; the modern medical clinic was slowly
being established, and medicine was becoming scientific, its
procedures based upon knowledge and not conjecture; new
ideals and methods in medical teaching were being everywhere
introduced ; America was feeling the enormous stimulus of the
promise given in the establishment of The Johns Hopkins
University. Osier was under the stimulus of all the new life.
He could easily have become a great scientist, but he chose the
path which led to the formation of the great clinician which
he became ; a worthy associate of the great men who have made
English medicine famous.

OSLER AS A PATHOLOGIST
By William G. MacCallum

The statement may be safely ventured that no clinician in
English-speaking countries has had at his command such a
wide and detailed knowledge of morbid anatomy as Osier.
There may be different opinions as to the reasons for his great-
ness as a teacher, as a man among men and in other ways, but
hardly more than one opinion as to the foundation of his
greatness as a clinician.

In the two small volumes of Pathological Reports printed
at the McGill University, in a complete collection of reprints
of his papers beginning in 1877, and in the first edition of his
Practice of Medicine, the development of his knowledge of
pathological anatomy may be clearly traced. Throughout
there is no diminution in his keen enthusiasm and little change
in the character of his interests, but there is an extraordinary
advance in the clarity of his ideas keeping pace with the dis-
coveries of the European and other workers in the field of
pathology.

During a period of more than 40 years — years that have
witnessed the most phenomenal advances in medicine — his
attention was very largely devoted to these studies which were
constantly maintained as the basis of his more purely clinical
work.

Osier's training lay not in chemistry — the growth of bac-
teriology found him a spectator and experimental methods
seem to have had little attraction for him. Nor did he attempt
any protracted researches in pathology for its own sake. In-
stead his interest was and has always been in the observation of
rather gross ami Btriking anatomical alterations, usually on
account of the symptoms which they produced and not with
the aim of investigating their minute details or their ultimate

45

46 Sir William Osler, Bart.

causes. In all this he has shown himself critical and sane and
quite unwilling to pursue what seemed a fantastic theory
unless convinced by definite proofs. He was skeptical of the
malarial organisms of Laveran for a time until he became
familiar with them himself and demonstrated them in this
country. He would not believe that the micrococci found in
acute endocarditis were anything more than accidental in-
vaders until he had convinced himself by actual studies of the
valves.

But in his early days he did not wait for others to unearth
new facts. He pressed ahead alone in the investigation of
unexplained phenomena and was perhaps the first to see clearly
the blood platelet which he described in 1874 as the third
corpuscle of the blood.

He was early in the field with his studies of the bone-marrow
in pernicious anaemia and evidently recognized megaloblasts
and other cells at a time when such recognition must have been
very difficult.

But from the beginning he appears to have been more readily
interested in the physical aspects of morbid anatomy, especially
in so far as there could be traced a chain of events. In the
first volume of the McGill reports he describes a case of
idiopathic hypertrophy of the heart, the topography, and effects
of various aneurysms, cases of phthisis, pneumonia, cancer,
ulcer of the duodenum, typhoid fever with perforation, incar-
ceration of the ileum, etc In the second volume is found a
series of similar miscellaneous cases. Some of these were
remarkable as, for example, the instance of aneurysm of the
hepatic artery. It is to be noted that even in his discussion of
these cases he showed that the special literature of foreign
countries was quite at his command. He met with a case of
hypertrophic cirrhosis of the liver — the first in his experi-
ence— and while he was studying it there appeared Hanot's
thesis, the importance of which in relation to his own case he
recognized at once. From this period at McGill University
where he performed a great many postmortem examinations
and supervised them in the hands of students he acquired much

As a Pathologist 47

of his familiarity with morbid anatomy. It is his spirit of
serious research which has remained to inspire the splendid
work in pathology carried on ever since in that school and his
preparations formed the foundation of their magnificent
museum of pathological anatomy.

Osier was impressed from the beginning with the usefulness
of considering together a group of series of similar cases.
There is something statistical about this plan, but since no two
cases of any disease are precisely alike in all details, much
light comes from the study of a series. This method may be
traced through the work of hie later years and in that of all of
hifl pupils. It ie apparent in all the papers of his Philadelphia
and Baltimore periods and reveals his careful method of pre-
serving minute notes on all he saw, for some of the recent
studies refer back to cases encountered in the Montreal days.

Comprehensive papers on endocarditis, tuberculous pleurisy,
peritonitis, pericarditis and abdominal tumors, followed and
later similar analyses of Long series of cases of typhoid fever.
meningitis, erythema multiforme, Addison's disease, myx-
cedenia. splenic anaemia, malaria and many other conditions.
In these there is a sustained and constanl interest in the
pathological anatomical changes, hut rather in their relation
to the general history and symptomatology of the disease than
for their own sake. The details of the causes and development
of the lesions are discussed only briefly, but an important out-
come of such studies was in several instances the more definite
outlining of disease entities Erom the recognition of the re-
peated occurrence of the same group of symptoms and patho-
logical alterations.

This has long been the first greai step in the study of disease
and it is for this reason that many of the great names in
medicine are asso< iated with the diseases in which they have
been the fir-t to discern the constancy of the association of
several feature-. The ability to see these relations and to
conned a irroup of phenomena with a common cause is given to
few. It is only less difficult than to discover the hidden cause
of disease.

48 Sir William Osler, Baet.

On the other hand, with diseases well recognized by every-
one, Osier's interest in new manifestations and new combina-
tions of symptoms or lesions has been unfailing. After the
long period of observation and study of typhoid fever in which
he associated with himself all the men on his staff he analyzed
the disease from every point of view. However, in these
studies only the grosser anatomical changes are considered and
there was no special advance in the knowledge of the bacteri-
ology or immunity reactions of the disease.

Syphilis has always claimed much of his attention and
interest, although he has written little on it except in the form
of text-book articles and papers concerning aneurysms. Never-
theless, the multifarious manifestations of this disease have
formed a prominent subject in his teaching and he believed
that there was much in the statement that he who knew all of
syphilis knew nearly all of medicine.

In his later years he worked no longer at actual dissections
and no longer studied the details of pathological anatomy with
the microscope, but he never slipped into that state of con-
fidence in unaided clinical diagnosis which would allow him
to remain away from the autopsy room. Instead he came there
not only to follow minutely the dissection of cases from his own
hospital service, but to learn what he could from those belong-
ing to the surgical and other services. His presence was an in-
spiration that led us to great efforts toward careful work, and
his long experience and unfailing memory, which enabled him
to recall the conditions found in a whole series of similar cases,
gave us a background upon which the case under investigation
stood out.

The pathological anatomy of his text-book is of this quality
and it is for that reason that the students in pathology are told
to read it. No one has written more systematically, or more
concisely of the changes underlying the manifestations of
disease; no one has recognized more clearly the boundary line
between the known and the unknown or sifted more judiciously
and unerringly the truth from error. His long habit of con-
sidering each disease on the basis of knowledge gained from

As a Pathologist 49

the analysis of a large series of cases has allowed him to esti-
mate justly the relative frequency and importance of each
feature and to state them in the most helpful and orderly
sequence. This clearness of vision with regard to the actual
natural history of disease, always referring to a well-remem-
hered series of cases, helped to make his teaching a memorable
delight to his students. His actual contributions to our knowl-
edge of pathology are many and important, but even more
valuable to the science of medicine in general is his example,
in that he has built his clinical medicine solidly on a founda-
tion of pathological anatomy.

I'.u:

OSLER, THE TEACHER
By W. S. Thayer

Observe, record, tabulate, communicate.

Use your five senses. The art of the practice of medicine is
to be learned only by experience; 'tis not an inheritance; it
cannot be revealed. Learn to see, learn to hear, learn to feel,
learn to smell, and know that by practice alone can you become
expert. .Medicine is learned by the bedside and not in the class-
room* Let not your conceptions of the manifestations of
disease come from words heard in the lecture room or read
from the book. See, and then reason and compare and control.
But see first. No two eyes see the same thing. Xo two mirrors
give forth the same reflection. Let the word be your slave and
not your master.

Live in the ward. Do not waste the hours of daylight in
listening to that which you may read by night. But when you
have seen, read. And when you can, read the original descrip-
tions of the masters who, with crude methods of study, saw
so clearly.

Record that which you have seen; make a note at the time;
do not wait. " The flighty purpose never is o'ertook, unless

the deed go with it."

Memory plays strange pranks with facts. The rocks and
fissures and gullies of the mountain-side rnell quickly into the
smooth, blue outlines of the distanl panorama. Viewed
throng 1 1 the perspective of memory, an unrecorded observation,
the vital detail- long since lost, easily changes it- countenance
and -inks obediently into the Frame fashioned by the fancy of
the moment.*

Always note and record the unusual. Keep and compare
your observations. Communicate or publish shorl note- on
anything thai is striking or new. Do not waste your time in
compilations, but when your observations are sufficient, do
not let them die with you. Study them, tabulate them, seek
the points of contact which may reveal the underlying law.

51

52 Sir William Osler, Bart.

Some things can be learned only by statistical comparison. If
you have the good fortune to command a large clinic, remem-
ber that one of your chief duties is the tabulation and analysis
of the carefully recorded experience.

The collection and study of your own observations is much,
but he who works in his own small compartment leads, after
all, a restricted and circumscribed life. Go out among your
fellows, and learn of them. The good observer is not limited
to the large hospital. The modest country doctor may furnish
you the vital link in your chain, and the simple rural prac-
titioner is often a very wise man.

Respect your colleagues. Know that there is no more high-
minded body of men than the medical profession. Do not
judge your confreres by the reports of patients, well meaning,
perhaps, but often strangely and sadly misrepresenting. Never
let your tongue say a slighting word of a colleage. It is not
for you to judge. Let not your ear hear the sound of your
voice raised in unkind criticism or ridicule or condemnation
of a brother physician. If you do, you can never again meet
that man face to face. Wait. Try to believe the best. Time
will generally show that the words you might have spoken
would have been unjust, would have injured a good man, and
lost you a friend, and then — silence is a powerful weapon.

When you have made and recorded the unusual or original
observation, or when you have accomplished a piece of research
in laboratory or ward, do not be satisfied with a verbal com-
munication at a medical society. Publish it. Place it on
permanent record as a short, concise note. Such communica-
tions are always of value.
*^ Mix with your colleagues; learn to know them. But in
your relations with the profession and with the public, in
everything that pertains to medicine, consider the virtues of
taciturnity. Look out. Speak only when you have something
to say. Commit yourself only when you can and must. And
when you speak, assert only that of which you know. Beware
of words — they are dangerous things. They change color like
the chameleon, and they return like a boomerang. Do you
know the story of the young physician, about to enter practice,

The Teacher 53

who was sent by his father to his old friend, Sir William
Stokes, for advice ? A pleasant conversation, and, at the door-
way, a last word : " Charley, don't say too much/' Then, at
the gate, a voice : " Charley, come back a minute ; I'm very
fond of you, my boy ; don't do too much."
* " Don't do too much." Remember how much you do not
know. Do not pour strange medicines into your patients.
Our greatest assistance is given by simple physical and mental
means, and by the careful employment of such drugs as have
been adequately studied, with regard to the action of which we
have real information. Do not rashly use every new product of
which the peripatetic siren sings. Consider what surprising
reactions may occur in the laboratory from the careless mixing
of unknown substances. Be as considerate of your patient and
yourself as you are of the test-tube.

Familiarize yourself with the work of others and never fail
to give credit to the precursor. Let every student have full
recognition for his work. Never hide the work of others under
your own name. Should your assistant make an important
observation, let him publish it. Through your -tudents and
your disciples will come your greatest honor.

Be prompt at your appointments; thai i~ always possible.
▼ Many are always late at a consultation : few miss a train.

There is no excuse for tardiness.
~*f Live a simple and a temperate life, that you may give all
your powers to your profession. Medicine is a jealous mis-
tress; she will be satisfied with no less:*

Save the fleeting minute; do not stop by the way. Learn
gracefully to dodge the bore. Strike first and quickly, and
before he has recovered from the blow, be gone; 'ti- the only
way

If ynii (.in practice consistently all this and then, if

you can bring into corridor and ward a light, springing step.
a kindly glance, a bright word to every <>ne you meet, arm
passed within arm or thrown over the shoulder of the happy
student or colleague; a quick, droll, epigrammatic question,
observation or appellation that puts the patient at his ease or
brings a pleased blush to the face of the nurse; an apprehen-

54 Sir William Oslee, Bart.

sion that grasps in a minute the kernel of the situation, and
a memory teeming with instances and examples that throw
light on the question ; an unusual power of succinct statement
and picturesque expression, exercised quietly, modestly and
wholely without sensation; if you can bring into the lecture
room an air of perfect simplicity and directness, and, behind
it all, have an ever-ready store of the most apt and sometimes
surprising interjections that so light up and emphasize that
which you are setting forth that no one in the room can forget
it; if you can enter the sick-room with a song and an epigram,
an air of gaiety, an atmosphere that lifts the invalid instantly
out of his ills, that produces in the waiting hypochondriac so
pleasing a confusion of thought that the written list of ques-
tions and complaints, carefully compiled and treasured for the
moment of the visit, is almost invariably forgotten ; if the joy
of your visit can make half a ward forget the symptoms that it
fancied were important, until you are gone; if you can truly
love your fellow, and, having said evil of no man, be loved by
all ; if you can select a wife with a heart as big as your own,
whose generous welcome makes your tea-table a Mecca ; . . . .
if you can do all this, you may begin to be to others the teacher
that " the chief " is to us !

^ An eye whose magic wakes the hidden springs
Of slumbering fancy in the weary mind,
A tongue that dances with the ready word
That like an arrow seeks its chosen goal,
And piercing all the barriers of care,
Opens the way to warming rays of hope.
A presence like the freshening breeze that as
It passes, sweeps the poisoned cloud aside.
An ear that 'mid the discords of the day
Swings to the basic harmonies of life.
A heart whose alchemy transforms the dross
Of dull suspicion to the gold of love.
A spirit like the fragrance of some flower
That lingers round the spot that this has graced,
To tell us that although the rose be plucked
And spread its perfume throughout distant halls
The vestige of its sweetness quickens still
The conscience of the precinct where it bloomed.

OSLER AXD THE STUDEXT
By Thomas R. Browx

In a lay sermon delivered before the Yale students a few
years ago in which Dr. Osier offered them " A way of life " —
" a path in which the wayfaring man cannot err, a life in day-
light compartments, the main business of which is not to see
dimly at a distance, but to do what lies clearly at hand," and
which had been the starting point of his life-habit — he began
with two words which show more plainly than many pages
could his real relation to the student — for these two words
were " fellow students." In these words lay the real reason
for his unique and lasting influence upon all who studied with
him, for he, with his vast experience, his wonderful insight,
his profound knowledge, his poetic vision, his deep sympathy,
was still always at heart the student, always studying, always
delving more deeply into the mysteries of health and of disease,
giving always, yet always ready to receive, teaching, yet ever
ready to learn.

To those privileged to be his students in the early days of
the medical school — a truly golden age to each and every one
of the small, though ever-growing group, he preached, as he
lived, a glorious philosophy of life, a joy in work, doing the
day's tasks, " living for the day and for the day's work," with
a wonderful belief in his fellowmen, never losing faith because
some had failed him, giving without stint his best to everyone
with no thought that some mighl prove unworthy of the trust.
He felt with Goethe that "the classical is health, and the
romantic disease," and he strove for the one with the Greek-
love of perfection, while for the other he had the passion of
the truly adventurous spirit sailing on uncharted seas. To
us who weir In- students in the early days of The Johns Hop-
kins Medical School, his memory is so vivid, so fresh, that it
seems but as of yesterday when he worked and played in our

55

56 Sir William Osler, Bart.

midst, and we have but to close our eyes to see him in fancy,
almost as clearly as we saw him in fact in the late 90's, the
great teacher and the great student in his manifold relations
to his students. Now we see him riding to the hospital in the
Monument Street car, and to the group about him prophesying
with keen yet ever kindly vision the ills — physical, mental and
spiritual of the derelicts en route to the dispensary; here in
the wards demonstrating the complex psychology of Giles de
la Tourette's disease, as exemplified by a poor bit of sodden
humanity whose coprolalia but exemplified — in a way a bit
embarrassing at times it is true — the symptom-complex he was
discussing, or in an alcove off the ward playing with little
Theophilia as she was emerging from the night of cretinism
into the day of normal happy childhood under his skillful
guidance; now in the class-room of the dispensary — for he
loved the polyclinic, and believed in its wonderful potentiality
as a teaching factor — with one deft touch solving a case of
great complexity, or bringing from his vast storehouse of
knowledge the one last link needed in a disease-picture
hitherto poorly understood, listening, suggesting, directing,
teaching, guiding both student and patient, and all the while
filling countless scraps of paper with the names of one of the
three great teachers of his youth ; now in the clinical laboratory
studying a blood specimen, and suggesting to the student some
line of original investigation which might, perhaps, light into
flame the dormant investigator and research worker; now in,
the autopsy room studying in death the puzzles that he had
helped to unravel during life ; now walking through the wards
and corridors of the hospital with a smile or an epigram for
every doctor and nurse who passed, a kindly word, and his
* ever-stimulating psychotherapy — encouragement, optimism,
hope — to every patient he saw ; in his myriad activities always
making each student feel that he also was but a student of
health and of disease, of men and of morals, and yet such a
student as to fire our minds, our souls and our bodies to re-
newed efforts so that we might, in some measure at least, prove
worthy of this fraternity?' To us who were privileged to be his

OSLER AND THE STUDENT 57

students — his fellow students in those days, he was — and still
is — always our inspiration and always our model. In him the
fire burned so brightly that no dross nor tinsel could survive
its pure flame, and he was ever " our cloud by day, our pillar
of fire by night." With Bossuet he taught that " le bon sens
est le genie de l'humanite," and he gave to us " a golden age
which never rusts, a spring which never fades, eternal youth.''
Always true to himself and to others, he made us think daily
of words of his beloved Plato "Whence has the progress ofl
cities and nations arisen if not from remarkable individual-
coming into the world we know not how and from causes over
which we have no control? "

Is not the greatest tragedy of growing older the loss of our
illusions — the discovery sooner or later that so many of the
gods of our youth, Jove-like Olympians of those days when
our world was young and pregnant with possibilities, have,
after all, but feet of clay? But with "the chief" this could
never be. The more we learned, the more wonderful his bound-
less knowledge seemed : the wider our vision, the more limitless
his appeared.

Everyone who has ever been his Btudeni is. a- it were, still
studying with him. or peripatetically following his footsteps
as he journey- through life, always teaching -nine new lesson
of medicine or of living. Every honor that has befallen him
has enriched as and made as prouder of our brotherhood;
every step upward or onward of his has made our paths easier
and the heights seem not so far away. We have rejoiced in his
happiness and in his honors, and perhaps he has been helped
in his sorrows by the knowledge that they are ours as well, for
he has Bhown us how work could be made play, and how the
real could be made ideal. Because <>f him our lives have been
better, our successes more real, our failures less hard to bear,
for through the tan-led skein that -pell- hie each of us knows
that in him he has. and will always ha\e. a teacher, a friend.
and a true fellow student to the end of the chapter.

OSLER AXD PATIEXT
By Thomas McCeab

In all the relations of physician to patients there are two
sides — the strictly medical and the personal. Some have a
blind spot for the latter, but taking the profession as a whole
these are in the minority. Xo one could work in close associa-
tion with Sir William Osier without realizing that both sides
were well developed in him. There was always the desire to do
the best for the patient in a medical way. but the personal
aspect was never forgotten. TPatients were patients and not
case>. Enteresl in the personal side was much in evidence and
it uas the exception for his patients to fail in appreciating this.
There was always a greal charity for the weakness of human
nature and there were neither unkind nor hasty judgments.
We know how often in his addresses he has emphasized the
importance of this quality.

To the writer was given the opportunity of knowing the
relation of Sir William Osier to the patienl both by personal
experience and by the observation of others. The former
came by my having an attack of typhoid fever while a house
officer in The Johns Hopkins Hospital. After the passage
of years it is difficult to estimate in detail one's feelings to-
wards In- physician, but the main impression left on my mind
after a long interval is thai of absolute confidence. His visits
were usually short, but when he had gone there was a feeling
that everything was all right. The visit was nearly always
marked by some cheering saj ing or amusing quip.

One incident comes to memory with regard to the impn
sion made by him on B patient many year- ;i'j<>; it is also an
example of curious coincidence. Back in the eighties one of
my father's friends was stricken with a malady of which I
heard some of the details discussed without realizing that they

59

60 Sir William Osler, Bart.

were to be remembered. The patient had Addison's disease
with an unusual degree of pigmentation which attracted great
attention and was naturally commented on by his friends. I
remembered hearing that he had gone to the United States to
consult a physician and had come back realizing that he could
not recover. These matters had apparently been completely
forgotten, but were recalled when 25 years later the friend who
accompanied the patient on the journey said to me : " I
wonder if you could help me to identify the physician whom
Mr. X consulted in Philadelphia. His name made little im-
pression on me at the time." This seemed rather a difficult
undertaking, but I asked what he remembered of the visit.
He gave the following details: "The examination was very
thorough; he stripped Mr. X and went over him from head to
foot. He said very little. (At this point the thought of Sir
William came to my mind.) When Mr. X asked him as to the
outlook, he said, ' Do you think you have enough of the grace
of God to make a clergyman/ or something like that. At any
rate Mr. X understood the meaning which was intended and
commented witli approval on the way in which it was con-
veyed." Afterwards I asked Sir William if he was the physi-
cian, and found that he was and that he remembered the
patient very well.

This brings up another of his characteristics with regard
to patients — the marvellous memory which he has of the details
regarding many of them. On one occasion a physician brought
a patient to consult him. The physician began to give the
history when Sir William said : " I saw Mr. — before with so
and so " — mentioning the diagnosis. Both the physician and
the patient denied this until Sir William showed them the
notes of the previous visit. It seems almost impossible to
imagine that both should have forgotten the consultation, but
such was the case. On many occasions patients came back to
the clinic after an interval of years and Sir William could give
the details of the history at once.

In one of his essays, which gives the title to a book, " Aequa-
nimitas," he dwells on the importance of not permitting one's

Osler and Patient 61

poise to be disturbed or allowing tbe expression to show what
would be better concealed. He practised this in his daily
work and many who came in contact with him never realized
how much anxiety he often felt, but rarely displayed over
patients. This was particularly true if it was a case in which
a diagnosis had not been made and in which, therefore, the
best treatment was a question of doubt. One such instance
comes to mind of a young man with typhoid fever and severe
hemorrhages. In this case, of course, we were suspicious of
perforation. Sir William made a special trip to the hospital
at my request to try and settle this point. The decision was
that there was no positive evidence of perforation and explora-
tion was delayed, but the signs of general peritonitis next day
showed our error. I remember well his words on the fallibility
of human judgment and of the sorrow that one felt when he
had judged wrongly.

His influence over patients was marked and especially over
those unfortunates whose nervous systems had suffered. As a
general rule he did not .-pend a great deal of time over them in
the hospital. Eowever, the results came; in many cases no
doubt, largely by faith in him. It has been said by BOme that
Sir William was qoI particularly interested in psychotherapy,
but one might Bay that he did nol need to be — he practised it.
not always consciously, perhaps, hut always effectively. II"
had extraordinary patience with querulous patient- and it was
very rarely that he eveT became irritated with them. With the
patient who was ready to fighi and be disagreeable he never
argued : " Glad to see you come and glad to see you g<> " was
a favorite answer.

Many interviews with patients come to memory. In one the
i cuter of the stage was occupied by a nervous woman, to whom
Bomething had been said in a very kindly way of the need of
Belf-control. With the tears flowing freely and a handkerchief
in active use she said: "Oh, Dr. Oder yon misjudge me
i smelly." Be, standing at the foot of her bed, replied with a
Berious tone to his voice and a twinkle in his eye: " Madam.
I learned early in life never to judge any woman and that rub'

62 Sir William Osler, Bart.

I have strictly kept. Therefore, I cannot have misjudged you.
Good morning " — and he was away before she could frame a
reply. Later in the day the brunt of his hasty exit fell on me.

In a large private ward service it was not possible for him
to spend a long time with each patient. To his house officers
it was always a source of interest and a good lesson to observe
how he could get into and out of a patient's room without
giving a chance for the flood-gates of talk to open. Many
patients would lament that they had not been able to tell him
this or that. But with this he had a remarkable ability in
discerning when the patient needed a special interview and he
was always ready to give it.

There was one subject on which he would never listen to a
patient, and that was when something was said which reflected
on another physician. When the patient began any such state-
ments he showed his displeasure at once and if this was not
enough a very sharp rebuke followed. In fact this was about
the only thing which made him lose patience and was the rare
occasion of his showing sternness. The talkative patient was
a trial to him — and of whom is this not true? He used to
have a very characteristic look when he escaped and I can
remember his delight, after a particularly trying interview of
the kind, when I quoted to him from " Kim " : " The husbands
of the talkative will have a great reward hereafter." However,
he was rarely caught twice by the same person.

Of one class of his patients a word may be said — the doctors.
He was consulted by many of the profession and especially in
the latter years in Baltimore. This had grown to be a heavy
burden, but one which he carried willingly. He never spared
himself or thought of his own convenience when something
was to be done for a physician or a member of a physician's
family.

Of the attitude of patients towards Sir William much might
be said. Perhaps the most striking characteristic was absolute
confidence. There was the certainty that there would be no
failure from lack of skill or interest on his part. His cheer-
fulness had much to do with this and the ability to give the

Osler and Patient 63

desire to fight to those who had lost courage and hope. He
was always careful in giving an opinion to put matters simply,
so that the chance of misunderstanding would be as slight as
possible. In the consideration of what a patient should do he
always had in mind what he could do. It was a good lesson
to observe the care which he took to avoid saying anything in
the hearing of a patient which might cause disturbance or
increase anxiety. This was especially marked when the out-
look was being discussed and seemed unfavorable. He never
forgot to be sure that the patient was not within hearing. In
all the giving of advice he was sparing of words and might be
described as one of those " who have not the infirmity, but the
virtue of taciturnity, and speak not out of the abundance, but
the well-weighed thoughts of their hearts."

OSLER AXD THE TUBERCULOSIS WORK OF
THE HOSPITAL

By Louis Hamman

Dr. Osier's interests were so universal that I fear I run grave
risk of contradiction in saying that he showed a particular
interest in tuberculosis. I came in contact very intimately
witli liis enthusiasm for tuberculosis study and perhaps for this
reason I exaggerate the position it held for him. Certainly
he never tired of reiterating to students the importance of a
thorough knowledge of the two great infectious diseases, tuber-
culosis and syphilis. From the beginning of his career as
physician-in-chief to this hospital he studied the tuberculous
patients with minute care. The first patient admitted to his
medical Bervice on May 16, 1889, was sufferim: from tubercu-
lous peritonitis and one of the first clinical papers lie published
was upon this aspect of tuberculous disease. In 1903 I under-
took at his request a study of all the cases of serous membrane
tuberculosis thai had been in the hospital up to thai date and I
noted thai many of the histories have copious notes dictated
by him.

That this interest in tuberculosis extended beyond the
details of clinical observation is shown by the establishment in
1898 of a special fund for the study of tuberculosis, the
initiative for its inauguration and much of the money coming
from Dr. Osier himself. Dr. Charles D. Parfitt was appointed
to conduct the work and a laboratory was equipped to afford
him suitable opportunity for investigation. Unfortunately
after an active year, which gave promise of substantial con-
tributions to the study of tuberculosis, Dr. Parfitt was taken
ill and the work was abandoned to be resumed some years later
in the laboratory of the Phipps dispensary.

A further evidence of Dr. Osier's unfailing interest in tuber-
culosis, and his zeal for the dissemination of tuberculosis

5 65

66 Sir William Osler, Bart.

knowledge amongst the students, is the foundation of the
Laennec Society in 1900. This was the first society in this
country and, as far as I know, the first in the world to devote
itself to the study of tuberculosis. I remember clearly the first
meeting of the society held in the fall of 1900 in the basement
under Ward G. Dr. Osier presided, outlining the aims of the
society and explaining the appropriateness of its name ; a re-
view of Laennec's life and work followed. Since this date the
society has continued to hold regular meetings and it has
proved itself an important and stimulating center of tuber-
culosis interest in the hospital. Unfortunately, there are no
records of the early meetings of the society, but I remember
Dr. Osier's unfailing attendance at all the meetings and his
brilliant and stimulating discussions.

Shortly after the establishment of the Laennec Society
Dr. Osier with his peculiar prescience of coming events in-
augurated the home visiting of tuberculous patients registering
in the dispensary. At first this work was undertaken by
medical students, Blanche jSt. Epler, Adelaide Dutcher and
Elizabeth H. Blauvelt successively giving it their service. The
study of Miss Dutcher reported before the Laennec Society
and published in the Philadelphia Medical Journal, December
1, 1900, is, I believe the first contribution in this country to
lay the proper emphasis upon the importance of the home in
the spread of tuberculosis. From this modest beginning grew
the subsequent study and care and supervision of tuberculous
patients in the dispensary. Dr. Osier soon enlisted the interest
of Mr. Victor Bloede in the work and through his generous
support a nurse was employed to visit and instruct patient?
in their homes. At the same time under his guidance the first
steps were taken towards establishing a special clinic for the
tuberculous. Although no separate rooms were available for
this purpose, all tuberculous patients were put under the care
of Dr. Herman Bruelle for detailed study and advice.

It would give a very incomplete impression of Dr. Osiers
tuberculosis interests to omit reference to his activities outside
of the hospital. He was always deeply concerned about the

Tuberculosis Work of the Hospital 67

social applications of medical knowledge and he played a
prominent part in furthering and directing the awakening
interest in the control of tuberculosis as a disease of the masses.
For instance, he took a very active interest in the Tuberculosis
Exposition held in January, 1904, under the auspices of the
State Board of Health, the first exposition of the kind held in
this country. Under his influence a remarkable collection of
books on tuberculosis were displayed, illustrating the develop-
ment of our knowledge of the disease from Hippocrates to
modern times. Before the collection was dispersed Dr. Osier
reviewed it with the medical students, illuminating each epoch
with his surprising knowledge of the historical aspects of the
subject.

In 1903 Mr. Henry Phipps learned of the work Dr. Osier
was trying to do with such modest equipment and generously
sent $10,000 to support his endeavors. The check came quite
unexpectedly and was the means for Dr. Osier to plan at once
to materialize one of his dreams. With great enthusiasm he
began to develop a special department for the study of tuber-
culosis and tin' care of tuberculous patients. Mr. Phipps'
additional gift of over $20,000 made it possible to remodel
the old stable standing between the dispensary and pathological
department buildings into a two-story structure with four
rooms on each floor. The building was formally opened at a
special meeting of the Laennec Society ou February 21, 1905,
and the first patient- were received on the first of March of the
same year.

Dr. Osier left the hospital the year the tuberculosis dis-
pensary was opened, but his interest in the department never
ceased. Messages of encouragement and appreciation came at
irregulaT Intervals. Whenever an article appeared by a mem-
ber of the staff, usually the first and always the dearest recog-
nition was a postal or a brief note dashed off in his character-
istic way. As the dispensary gradually grew into a recognized
place in the medical clinic, at every turn of fortune there came
his cheering congratulation. It is impossible for me to look
back upon those years without the deepest emotion. I do not

68 Sir William Osler, Bart.

know if Dr. Osier ever appreciated what these crisp, kindly
messages flashed from abroad really meant for us, nor am I
able adequately to express all we felt. Certainly this much is
true, they were always the brightest ray of encouragement to
our work, the most comforting reward that made us forget the
long, dreary hours of labor and the discouragement and doubt
that often assailed us.

Since the first few years the tuberculosis dispensary has
grown steadily in importance. Further gifts from Mr. Phipps
allowed the hospital to add to the building in 1908, doubling
its capacity. Recently the generosity of Mr. Kenneth Dows
has further improved the building and has put the research
department of the dispensary upon a sound footing. The
tuberculosis clinic is a very different department now from the
modest dispensary arrangements of a physician without a room
to work in and with no other equipment but his stethoscope.
But this is the fruit that has grown from that tiny seed of
interest and enthusiasm planted by Dr. Osier many years ago.

INFLUENCE ON THE EELATION OF MEDICINE IN
CANADA AND THE UNITED STATES

By Thomas B. Futcher

Sir William Osier has done more than anv other member of
our profession to bring about cordial and intimate relation-
ships between its members in the United States and Canada.
A Canadian by birth, a graduate of McGill University.
Canada's most distinguished medical representative, and a
man with a most magnetic personality and great breadth of
sympathies and interests, it is only natural that he should
have exerted a mosl potent influence in encouraging close asso-
• iiit ions between the members of the profession in the two
countries. Particularly was this the case after his call to
Philadelphia in 1884, and to Baltimore in 1880. While this
bond has naturally been more intimate between internists, his
influence indirectly brought about a closer contact between the
members of the other specialties.

Although Osier was graduated in medicine from McGill
University, he was born at Tecumseh, Ontario, on July 12,
1849, and was educated at Trinity College, Toronto. Various
members of his family, leaders in their respective professions,
have resided in the latter city. As his reputation grew, it was
only natural that hi- influence on the profession in the two
older provinces of Canada should have been very great.

After his graduation from McGill in 1872, he spent the next
two years in research work abroad, at University College,
London, and at Berlin and Vienna, where he formed associa-
tions with such men as E. A. Schafer, Virchow, Nothnagel
and others. While abroad, he published in 1873 his researches
on the blood platelets in which he established their corpuscular
character. Upon his return to Montreal in 1874, he was
appointed professor of the institutes of medicine, at McGill

69

70 Sir William Osler, Bart.

University, a position he filled until 1884. During this period,
he was brought into intimate association with his old teacher,
Robert Palmer Howard, who was professor of medicine and
dean of the medical faculty, and with those able clinicians,
Ross and MacDonnell. His natural bent for research and
investigation, had been further stimulated by his experiences
abroad. A full appreciation of the importance of the micro-
scope in medical research led, upon his return, to its more
extensive adoption in the laboratories of McGill. While there,
Osier laid the foundation of his keenness as a clinician, through
his" recognizing the great importance of following the fatal
cases to the autopsy room, performing many of the necropsies
himself. These investigations resulted in the publication of
numerous important contributions to medical literature.
Among these may be mentioned his paper in which mycotic
aneurisms in association with ulcerative endocarditis were
described for the first time, and his account of the ball-valve
thrombus at the mitral orifice, which also was the first recorded
case.

He was very much interested in comparative pathology, and
performed many autopsies on lower animals with that keen
veterinarian, Clements, who later went to Baltimore, where he
died an untimely death from myocardial disease.

Many of Osiers students of this period are scattered
throughout Canada and the United States, and they look back
with pleasure and profit to the training and stimulus they
received under him at McGill. One of the powerful influences
he possesses was manifested, even in these early years, through
his readiness to report interesting observations before local
medical societies and provincial medical associations, and to
encourage others to do likewise.

Osier's contributions to medical literature while at McGill,
and his papers read before medical societies in the United
States, naturally attracted a great deal of attention, and, when
in 1884 the University of Pennsylvania was seeking the best
trained man to fill the chair of professor of clinical medicine,
Osier was its choice. While in Philadelphia he was brought

Medicine in Canada and the United States 71

into close association with such men as Weir Mitchell, William
Pepper, Tyson, Musser, Keen, Wilson and others. His influ-
ence on medicine in the United States was very marked even
during this Philadelphia sojourn from 1884 to 1889. He was
one of the original members of the Association of American
Physicians, which was organized in 1886 with Francis A.
Delafield as its first president. He always took an active
interest in the annual meetings of the association, contributing
numerous original papers and entering into the discussions.
He was himself its president in 1895.

While at the University of Pennsylvania, Osier's contribu-
tions to medical literature were numerous and important.
Much of his material for his monograph on the " Cerebral
Palsies of Children," published in 1889, was gathered during
this period. His experience at Blockley, that wonderful store-
house of clinical and pathological material, provided him with
a mass of data later freely utilized in the preparation of his
text-book.

In 1889, as the construction of The Johns Hopkins Hospital
was nearing completion, the trustees of the university and
hospital, seeking the best man to fill the chair of professor of
medicine in the university, and the position as physician-in-
chief to the hospital, at once thought of Osier, who was then
considered the most brilliant clinician available. The offer
was tendered and accepted, and he was on duty when the first
patient was admitted to the hospital on May 10, 1889.

It was during his period of residence in Baltimore from
1889 to 1905 that Osier's influence on medicine in the United
States and Canada was chiefly exerted. In making appoint-
ments to his hospital staff, graduates of medical schools in both
the United States and Canada shared the privilege of working
under him. Owing to his close affiliations with teachers in the
Canadian medical scbools, it was only natural that these men
should be appealed to from time to time to supply assistants
for its interne staff. His firsl resident physician was Lafleur,
of McOill, who during bis tenure collaborated with Council-
man in the publication of their important monograph on

72 Sir William Osler, Bart.

amoebic dysentery. Lafleur, as have other assistants., returned
to Canada and carried with him to McGill and the Montreal
General Hospital the stimulus and methods acquired while
under Osier. Hewetson, also of McGill, soon followed Lafleur
as an assistant. The unfortunate development of tuberculosis
prevented him from pursuing what promised to be a brilliant
career. Thayer, of Harvard, who now holds the chair in
medicine on the whole-time basis, succeeded Lafleur as resi-
dent physician and served until 1901.

J. E. Graham, who was for many years professor of medicine
at Toronto University, an excellent clinician and a man much
beloved by his students, was a close personal friend of Osier.
Through him several Toronto University graduates became
assistants of the latter. Among these may be mentioned,
Barker, Parsons, Thomas McCrae, the late John McCrae —
the immortal composer of " In Flanders' Fields," Gwyn, and
the writer. It may be of interest to note that all these, with
one exception, were previously resident physicians during the
summer months at the Bobert Garrett Hospital for Children
at Mt. Airy, Md., which was under the direction of Dr. Walter*
B. Piatt. Barker, later succeeded Osier, as professor of medi-
cine. The writer, and Thomas McCrae, in turn succeeded
Thayer as resident physicians. W. G. MaeCallum, now the
professor of pathology at Johns Hopkins, although a medical
graduate of this university, but a graduate in the academic
department of the University of Toronto, was, after gradua-
tion, an assistant on Osier's staff. Mention is made of these
various Canadians to point out how Osier acted as a magnet to
draw them from across the border to Baltimore, and to empha-
size the fact that they have, through their " chief," indirectly
constituted an important link helping to keep up intimate
associations between the profession on both sides of the line.

Following Thomas McCrae, the resident physicians, with the
exception of B. A. Cohoe, a medical graduate of Toronto
University, who served from June to September, 1908, have
all been graduates of The Johns Hopkins Medical School.
They have been in succession, Bufus I. Cole, Charles P. Emer-

Medicine in Canada and the United States 73

son, Thomas K. Boggs, Frank J. Sladen, Paul W. Clough aDd
the present occupant, Arthur L. Bloomfield. Cole was the only
one of these who served as resident physician during Osier's
occupancy of the chair of medicine, although Emerson and
Boggs were assistant resident physicians under him before he
left for Oxford, in 1905. Osier's ideals and influence have
been disseminated by this group of resident physicians in the
various fields in which their activities have been cast.

The first edition of Osier's " Principles and Practice of
Medicine " appeared in 1892. This, and the subsequent seven
editions, have been the standard text-book in medicine used
by students and practitioners in both the United States and
Canada. The influence of this work, with the fascinating and
practical way in which the various diseases were treated, has
been very great on the professions of both countries. The same
can be said for the two editions of " Modern Medicine," of
which he was chief editor, Thomas McCrae being associated
with him.

Throughout Osier's professorship at Johns Hopkins, courses
to post-graduates were given yearly. The medical school was
not opened until 1893, and under-graduate instruction in
medicine consequently did not begin until 1895, so that, up to
that year, post-graduate instruction was the only teaching
conducted in the medical wards. Osier's ward clinics and
clinical lectures were attended by physicians from all parts of
the United States and Canada. Members of the profession
rubbed shoulders, gained invaluable clinical experience, and
formed professional tics and friendships which have continued
ever since.

Although domiciled in the United States, the Canadian
profession always felt that it had a personal claim on Osier.
His trips to Canada to see his family in Toronto, to consult
wit It physicians, to read papers before societies in various parts
of the Dominion, and often to spend his vacation on the lower
St. Lawrence, enabled him to keep in close touch with the
profession of his native land and to exert a strong influence on
its members north of the border.

74 Sir William Osler, Bart.

Almost as important a sphere of influence as The Johns
Hopkins Hospital was Osier's home at 1 West Franklin Street,
where physicians from both sides of the line were always wel-
come, and where they were ever made to feel at home by the
" chief " and his gracious wife, now Lady Osier.

In 1905 Osier was called to Oxford to occupy the chair of
Regius Professor of Medicine in that university. His interest
in the medical profession of both countries has not a whit
abated. The home of Sir William and Lady Osier, at 13 Nor-
ham Gardens, has been almost a daily rendezvous for the
khaki-clad medical officers of the American and Canadian
Expeditionary Forces during the last two years of the world's
war.

OSLER AS A CITIZEX AXD HIS EELATIOX TO THE
TUBERCULOSIS CRUSADE IX MARYLAXD

By Hexry Barton Jacobs

Though Osier like Xathan Smith, Austin Flint and Marion
Sims and the philosophers of old is essentially a peripatetic,
a medical nomad, yet wherever his feet may take him, there
he establishes and identifies himself, interests himself in local
conditions and undertakes the responsibilities of citizenship.

In the course of his wanderings Baltimore has had the
privilege and the profit of halting his onward steps for fully
sixteen years. Here he came in the vigor of his promising 40
years, trained and ready, not to say anxious, to jump into the
life of his new surroundings. Many paths there are which lead
to useful citizenship — Osier chose one peculiarly his own, and
followed it consistently and unfailingly, guided only by the
unswerving conviction that whatever he might do to advance
and i mp rove conditions in the profession to which he was
allied, in that way alone could he be of the greatest benefit,
not only to those immediately under his tutelage or care, but
to the city and to the nation at large. In his final address on
Leaving Baltimore he says " I have lived my life in my beloved

profession I have never departed from my ambition to

be firsl of all a servant to my brethren."

The advancement and improvement of medicine and ser-
\iir to his fellows, therefore, is the primary path of his en-
deavor. The wayside results of such a course pursued with
intensity, with kindness, with sympathy, with laughter and

joke, with g I fellowship and hospitality, also with hard

study and thought and work, diligently and persistently, year
by year, are quite unusual, and lead as is' only natural to
wide friendships, extraordinary and general influence, both

with individual- and with peoples.

75

76 Sir William Osler, Bart.

Scarcely had he arrived in Baltimore in the spring of 1889
when he was asked by the officers of the State Medical Asso-
ciation, the old Medical and Chirurgical Faculty of Mary-
land, to deliver the oration at the annual meeting of the
society to be held in April of that year. This invitation he
accepted, choosing for his topic " The License to Practice."
At this period it should be recalled there were in Baltimore
no less than four or five medical schools with two-year courses
of study for a degree to practice, and this degree the only
license required. The argument Dr. Osier made in his ad-
dress was so cogent, so direct, so illustrative of the evil con-
ditions existing that immediate steps were taken by the
leaders of the medical profession of the city and state to have
prepared a legislative Bill for the appointment of medical
examiners whose duty it should be to examine candidates, and
to issue to the successful ones licenses to practice. This was
Dr. Osier's first effort in Maryland toward the advancement
and improvement of medicine, and coincidently his first pro-
nounced effort in good citizenship. As a farther resultant the
University of Maryland decided to lengthen its course of
medical study and to raise its standard. Moreover, the seed
was growing so fast that in February, 1890, a meeting of
representatives of all the medical schools of Baltimore de-
cided to request delegates, from the medical schools of the
country, to meet in Nashville with the idea of raising the
standard of medical schools all over the United States. At
this conference an agreement was reached for a three-year
course and other reforms.

The Legislature of 1890 passed the Bill for the appoint-
ment of a board of medical examiners, a bill which looked
to the betterment of medical practice in Maryland and to
the general elimination of the numerous quacks and char-
latans who had been permitted to carry on their trade in the
state. Unfortunately Governor Jackson did not give his ap-
proval, and so two years had to go by before its final adoption
by a new Legislature, and the signature of Governor Brown.

Tuberculosis Crusade in Maryland 77

This was but the beginning of Dr. Osiers efforts for better
state and municipal laws.

The almost unrestricted prevalence of typhoid fever in the
United States, particularly in Baltimore, was a source of
deep aggravation to him, and called for the use of all his
powers of voice and pen to bring light into the darkness, that
rational legislative measures might be inaugurated to re-
strict its incidence.

Baltimore at this time was without a general system for the
disposal of its sewage. Backyard privy vaults were nearly
universal. Dr. Osier was strongly of the belief that typhoid
fever would be greatly reduced with the introduction of a
proper and adequate sewerage system and a pure water supply.
Xute how vividly and forcefully he spoke at the meeting of
the Maryland Public Health Association held on Xovember
13, 1897, upon the subject of mortality from typhoid fever
as related to these important city improvements :

The penalties of cruel neglect have been paid for 1896; the dole
of victims for 1897 is nearly complete, the sacrifices will number
again above 200. We cannot save the predestined ones of 1898, but
what of the succeeding years? From which families shall the
victims be selected? Who can say? This we can predict — they
will be of the fairest of our sons and of our daughters; they will
not be of the very young, or of the very old, but the youth in its
bloom, the man in the early years of his vigor, the girl just waken-
ing into full life, the young woman just joying in the happiness of
her home. These will be offered to our Minotaur, these will be
made to pass through the fire of the accursed Moloch. This, to
our shame, we do with full knowledge, with an easy complacency
that only long years of sinning can give.

Such writing as this is not only convincing, but is intensely
moving, and must have played no small part in securing the
desired end which happily came before he was to leave our
city, a boon and a convenience to every member of the com-
munity, not to speak of the aesthetics of the new order when
street and sidewalk gutters were no longer redolent with the
morning's dishwashings.

Whatever gives promise of adding to the stock of medical
knowledge immediately arouses Dr. Osier's enthusiasm.

78 Sir William Osler, Bart.

Early lie became interested in the amoebic theory of malaria.
Well do I remember his coming to the Massachusetts Gen-
eral Hospital in Boston to demonstrate amcebfe in blood cor-
puscles to Dr. Fred Shattuck, then the young medical at-
tendant to that hospital. This must have been in 1887 or
1 888. No effort of his for good citizenship, or for the advance-
ment of medicine was more remunerative than the stimulus
he gave in this country to the solving of the problem of the
causation, cure and prevention of malaria, a disease which
had so sorely afflicted the people of states south of Mason
and Dixon's line. Baltimore became the prime center for its
study outside France and Italy, and Thayer's book written
in The Johns Hopkins Hospital from Osier's clinic marks a
salutary epoch in the history of this mosquito-borne infection.

Never was it out of Dr. Osier's mind that a better educated
and more widely read medical profession made for better liv-
ing conditions of the people, greater civic comfort and dimin-
ished suffering and death, so in all ways possible he en-
couraged students and practitioners alike to greater learning.
To this end he insisted upon greater comradeship and larger
attendance upon medical societies where experience could be
interchanged and interesting cases seen and discussed; he
also insisted upon enlarged library facilities, and adequate
supplies of current medical magazines and standard books.
Under his inspiration and leadership the old state society of
Maryland took on a new life, and its library so long moulder-
ing on its shelves sprang into usefulness. To him more than
to any single man does the medical profession of Maryland
owe its present faculty building with its large and growing
library — a library in which he took no less interest than in
his own. To this extent, then, we must think of him as
contributing enormously to the welfare of the community
through an enlightened profession influencing public opinion
in matters pertaining to health, sanitation, and general
hygiene.

Not less than his trenchant writing and speaking was Dr.
Osier's own personality of influence upon men and the com-

Tuberculosis Crusade in Maryland 79

munity; so strikingly straightforward, so genial even con-
vivial, so playful in youthful spirit, so enthusiastic in help-
fulness and sympathy, so painstaking and so wise, he soon
had both patients and acquaintances alike in an attitude of
devotion, almost, I might say, of adoration. And although
he took no official part in the civic affairs of the city, he
gained through his association in the medical profession, by
reason of his acknowledged eminence in that profession, and
through his friends and acquaintances, a leadership in the
affairs of the city and state which was most powerful and
beneficent even though it was exercised in an indirect way.

From the moment when Koch discovered the germ of
tuberculosis in 1882, Dr. Osier has never lost interest in this
disease. He dwelt upon it in his teaching and he insisted that
his students should be familiar with it. When in 1892 the
use of tuberculin was thought to be specific, he was among
the first in this country in giving it a thorough trial in
the wards of the hospital. For greater encouragement to
the study of the disease, which so long has been such a fatal
enemy of mankind, he suggested and carried out the establish-
ment of a society whose single purpose should be the con-
sideration of the history and the various phases, clinical and
pathological, of tuberculosis, and this society he named, after
the great French student of tuberculosis and discoverer of the
stethoscope — The Laennec.

On November 14, 1899, Dr. Osier read an important paper
on the " Home Treatment of Pulmonary Tuberculosis," at
the semi-annual meeting of the faculty at Westminster, and
on the same day and in the same place Dr. Charles S. Millet of
E. Bridgewater. Mass., described his outdoor sleeping porches
for tuberculous patients. This was the first public discussion
of the value of unlimited night air in the cure of consumption
and marks a new epoch in the method of treatment. Inci-
dentally I may remark that at this same meeting mention was
first made by Dr. Joseph E. Gichner of the need and desira-
bility of a State Sanatorium in Maryland.

80 Sir William Oslee, Bart.

On April 19, 1901, at the invitation of Dr. Osier, Dr.
Lawrence F. Fliek of Philadelphia came to Baltimore and
before the Clinical Society delivered an address on the " Begis-
tration of Tuberculosis," saying that Philadelphia and New
York had already inaugurated such a provision. Dr. Osier
urged that Maryland should do likewise, as in this way the
location of cases could be known to the health authorities
and such steps be taken as would be of advantage to the patient
and to the community.

By the end of the year 1901 there had arisen great interest
in the tuberculosis movement, and it was proposed that the
Legislature of January, 1902, should pass new and vital laws
which should be of benefit to the whole people. To this end
a big meeting in McCoy Hall was proposed under the auspices
of the Maryland Public Health Association, the Medical and
Chirurgical Faculty of Maryland and the Laennec Society.
Dr. Osier's " fiery " speech thrilled the audience :

Mr. Chairman and my long suffering, patient, inert fellow-
citizens: .... now what is our condition in this city, and what
are we doing for the 10,000 consumptives who are living today
in our midst? We are doing, Mr. Mayor and fellow-citizens, not
one solitary thing that a modern civilized community should do.
Through the kindness of a couple of ladies — God bless them! —
I have been enabled in the past three or four years to have two of
the medical students of The Johns Hopkins University visit every
case of pulmonary consumption that has applied for admission to
the dispensary of our hospital, and I tell you now that the story
those students brought back is a disgrace to us as a city of
500,000 inhabitants. It is a story of dire desolation, want and
helplessness, and of hopeless imbecility in everything that should
be in our civic relation to the care of this disease.

He then argues for registration, disinfection after death or
removal, a State Sanatorium for curable cases and a hospital
for advanced cases, a sewerage system and a hospital for con-
tagious diseases. This address and others made the same even-
ing had an effect, to wit: The Legislature of 1902 created a
Tuberculosis Commission, the Governor naming Dr. Thayer
as its chairman.

Tuberculosis Crusade in Maryland 81

All that is progressive or worth while in the Tuberculosis
Crusade in Maryland followed thereafter; the commission
with its advisors taking the initiative in beneficial measures.
At Dr. John S. Fulton's suggestion the commission decided
upon a tuberculosis exposition in January, 1904, which
should show graphically and practically the general incidence
of tuberculosis, its methods of prevention and cure, its
aetiology and pathology, its relations to social and economic
problems, and a history of its study from the time of Hippoc-
rates. Such an exposition for any single disease had never
before been attempted. Lectures and demonstrations were
given and the attendance not only from Baltimore but from
the counties and from outside the state was remarkable. The
public was intensely interested and the exposition " demon-
strated that it is both expedient and practicable to admit the
general public to free participation in the scientific knowledge
of tuberculosis." (Editorial, Md. Med. Jour.)

Dr. Osier was the moving spirit in this most successful
undertaking and it was he who invited the distinguished
speakers who were heard. As a result of this exposition, the
Legislature of 1904 passed laws requiring:

(1) Registration of tuberculosis in Maryland, and

(2) Providing means and measures to be administered by
the State Board of Health for the domestic prophylaxis of
consumptives.

Growing out of this exposition, too, was the formation, fol-
lowing the suggestion of Dr. S. A. Knopf, of the National
Association for the Study and Prevention of Tuberculosis. In
this enterprise Dr. Osier had a leading part. In its organiza-
tion he was made vice-president, and since his residence in
England has been continued one of the two honorary vice-
presidents, Mr. Roosevelt being the second.

In December, 1904, the Maryland Association for the Pre-
vent ion and Cure of Tuberculosis was formed and again to
this local movement Dr. Osier lent his interest and enthusi-
a-ni. His last effort for the tuberculosis cause in Baltimore
w&s to induce Mr. Phipps to give the sum of $10,000 for a

6

82 Sir William Osler, Bart.

Tuberculosis Dispensary at The Johns Hopkins Hospital.
This was opened with addresses on February 21, 1905, Mr.
Phipps being present.

In reviewing thus briefly the activities of Sir William
Osier during his sixteen years in Baltimore, I realize how
inadequately I have been able to convey any idea of his great
work and influence, or the universal esteem, love and honor
in which he was held not only by the people of Maryland, but
by the country at large. I cannot believe that any man ever
left our shores for a new work elsewhere more deeply and
sincerely missed by a larger army of friends. His address of
farewell delivered before the Medical and Chirurgical Faculty
of Maryland April 27, 1905, on " Unity, Peace and Concord "
typifies his attitude to all his fellows both professional and lay.
In closing he sums up this relationship in the one word which
he leaves as his benediction — Charity.

OSLEK'S INFLUENCE ON OTHER MEDICAL
SCHOOLS IN BALTIMORE

HIS RELATION TO THE MEDICAL PROFESSION

By Edward N. Brush

To estimate correctly Osier's influence upon other medical
schools and upon professional thought and conduct would
require an inquiry into the methods of medical teaching in
vogue more than a quarter of a century ago, and into the social
and professional relations of the physicians of the city and
state toward each other.

At about the time of Osier's arrival in Baltimore to assume
the duties of physician-in-chief to The Johns Hopkins Hos-
pital there was a movement on foot to improve and enlarge
the medical curriculum. The University of Maryland in 1889
announced that after 1891 a compulsory three-year course
would be requiivil in the medical department with a prelimi-
nary examination in English.

In March, 1890, a call was issued by the medical staff of
The Johns Hopkins Hospital, and the medical faculties of The
University of Maryland, The College of Physicians and
Surgeons, The Ball i more Medical College, The Baltimore
University and The Woman".- Medical College for the organiza-
tion of a medical college association with a view to the co-
operation of all medical teaching bodies in bringing about a
three-year graded course, written and oral examinations, a
preliminary examination in English and laboratory instruc-
tion in chemistry, histology and pathology.

At the meeting of the Medical and Chirurgical Faculty in

1889 the annual address was given by Dr. Osier, who took for

his theme " The License to Practice," and undoubtedly this

address gave an impetus to a movement, already receiving

support, for higher medical education and a better qualified

student body.

83

84 Sir William Osler, Bart.

My own connection with medical teaching in Baltimore did
not begin until eight years subsequent to this date, but I
realized before that period, and have had occasion to know
since, the great interest which Osier took in promoting reforms
in medical teaching not only here, but in the country at large,
the great and lasting influence of his advice, and above all, his
example as a teacher.

Trained as he had been as a laboratory man, realizing to the
fullest extent the results which flowed from his laboratory
studies and their bearing upon the practical work of the
hospital ward and the consulting room, as well as in the lecture
hall, he urged the establishment of laboratories.

Thoroughly equipped laboratories, in charge of men thoroughly
equipped as teachers and investigators, is the most pressing want
to-day in the medical schools of this country.

The hospital was, from his point of view, a college — a place
of teaching, the most essential part of the machinery of a
medical school.

The systematic use of the resources of the hospital which he
inaugurated and which he urged upon other communities and
described in detail in his address before the New York
Academy of Medicine in 1903 found in the minds of the more
progressive teachers of the Baltimore schools a ready accept-
ance.

For those working in my own special field, it is gratifying
to believe that it was a few words spoken in his farewell address
at the university, February 22, 1905, which gave an impetus
that resulted in the establishment of a psychiatric clinic at the
hospital.

From his address at the dedication of the Wistar Institute
of Anatomy and Biology of the University of Pennsylvania,,
1891, I take the following:

What, after all, is education but a subtle, slowly effected change,
due to the action upon us of the externals; of the written record
of great minds of all ages, of the beautiful and harmonious sur-
roundings of nature and art, and of the lives good or 111 of our
fellows— these alone educate us, these alone mould the developing
minds.

Kelation to Other Medical Schools 85

The whole career of Osier in Baltimore, his life here as a
teacher, hospital physician, consultant and citizen was devoted
to the better teaching of medicine, to better ideals in educa-
tion ; and from his life, from his example, proceeded influences
which not only moulded developing minds, but stimulated all
who had a real ambition, to teach and, in teaching, to learu
also, and develop.

To emphasize sufficiently his influence upon medical educa-
tion is most difficult. One of his constant pleas for other
schools was for larger clinical advantages, and better use of
those already provided. In 1897 in his address on Internal
Medicine as a Vocation, before the New York Academy of
Medicine, he says:

To-day the serious problem confronts the professors in many of
our schools — how to teach practical medicine to large classes;
how to give them protracted and systematic ward instruction.
I know of no teacher in the country who controls enough clinical
material for the instruction of classes, say of 200 men, during the
third and fourth year.

Never a controversialist, none the less did he bear a large
share in the controversies of 30 or more years ago, which
preceded and eventually brought about the changes in the
methods of medical education which have taken place since
that time. His influence was exerted not in argument or
controversy, but in the force of example, by the way in which
he lived his ideals and induced others to share them with him.

He studied " to be quiet " and do his " own business," " to
walk honestly toward them that are without" and one of his
chief pleasures was " to work among [us] as a friend sharing
actively in [our] manifold labors."

Some years ago I had occasion to apply to him a quota-
tion from the presidential address of the late Dr. Charles M.
Ellis before the Medical and Chirurgieal Faculty in 1898.
These words seem to me particularly appropriate to Dr. Osier :

Many [doctors] by reason of natural endowments and acquired
fitness elevate their lives to a professional plane on which it is
possible for an intellectual life to develop; and on which it does
develop, not only to individual sufficiency, but to public usefulness

86 Sir William Osler, Bart.

and a public influence, that on the one hand meets and supplies
public emergencies and, on the other, largely directs and controls
public thought and movement.

These words from what I know of the intimate and friendly
relations between the two men may well have been brought
to the mind of Dr. Ellis by his knowledge not only of the
intellectual life of Dr. Osier, but by his appreciation of the
controlling influence of his mind upon public thought and
movement, particularly in professional circles.

Very early in his residence in Baltimore, notwithstanding
that he " studied to be quiet," he became a by no means unim-
portant factor in the social life of Baltimore physicians.

He so regulated his work that he always had a certain
amount of time to give to his friends in social converse, or in
conference over the more serious things of their everyday lives
and work.

He appreciated the difficulties and perplexities which sur-
rounded the lives of many of his professional brethren and
many a burden has been made lighter, many dark hours bright-
ened, by his wise and thoughtful advice and his cheering
optimism.

More than one doctor laboring amid discouragement and
the indifference of open opposition of his fellow-citizens, whose
lives he was manfully trying to make more tolerable, whose
surroundings he was endeavoring to make more healthful, has
found to his surprise that Osier had learned of what he sup-
posed was unknown beyond the bounds of his own community,
and has received from him words of cheer and commendation,
which were a powerful incentive to renewed effort, just when
all the uses of the world appeared to him " weary, stale, flat
and unprofitable."

His farewell address "Unity, Peace and Concord" is an
eloquent recital of his consuming eagerness to be " a servant "
to his brethren to do all in his " power to help them."

He strove always to live in unity, peace and concord with
his fellows. He strove with none — not that none were worth
the strife, but because of a deep conviction of the hatefulness

Eelatiox to Other Medical Schools 87

of strife. Those worth the strife he won by other and gentler
means, and bound them to him by the everlasting chains of
friendship.

In 1881 there was formed in Baltimore the Baltimore
Monthly Medical Keunion. It met at the home of members in
turn and around the dinner table and at the fireside many
friendships were made and consolidated. Very soon after
coming to Baltimore, Dr. Osier became a member of the
Eeunion and always when he was present at the monthly
gatherings, as with The McGregor, where Osier sat was " the
head of the table," the center of conversation, the focus of wit
and wisdom.

As in the past, so in the future in all that makes for truth
and righteousness, in all that holds forth high ideals, in all
that encourages culture and all the virtues of the Christian
gentleman and the ideal physician the name of Osier will be
one to conjure with. From time to time, as on the present
occasion, his friends for many years, let us hope, will send
him greetings across the sea. He has given us the master word
and with that in our hearts all things are possible. Have we
not seen it exemplified in his life and character ?

88 Sie William Osler, Bart.

ON A PORTRAIT OF SIR WILLIAM OSLER, BART.

William the Fowler, Guillaume l'Oiseleur!
I love to call him thus and when I scan
The counterfeit presentment of the man,
I feel his net, I hear his arrows whir.
Make at the homely surname no demur,
Nor on a nomination lay a ban
With which a line of sovran lords began,
Henry the Fowler was first Emperor.

Asclepius was Apollo's chosen son.

But to that son he never lent his bow,

Nor did Hephaestus teach to forge his net;

Both secrets hath Imperial Osier won.

His winged words straight to their quarry go.

All hearts are holden by his meshes yet.

Basil L. Gildebsleeve

Pail ■ d bj Si ymour Thomas, I 908
Sib Wii i i \m Osi i k, Babt.

INFLUENCE IN BUILDING UP THE MEDICAL AND
CHIRURGICAL FACULTY

By Hiram Woods

"Influence in Building Up the Medical and Chirurgical
Faculty " is a theme one might approach from numerous
paths. So great was Dr. Osier's influence, in so many direc-
tions did it work, so broad was his conception of the possi-
bilities for good in the organization, so keen his appreciation
of the obstacles to progress, some traditional, some personal,
that the many-sided subject is bound to appeal to his friends
in different ways. Adequate organization of the library ; reve-
lation to the younger man of what the library even in those
days afforded ; provision for the purchase of new books — these
are themes which have been selected for special review and
will be presented by others. I shall try to give some idea of
his work from another standpoint — that of personal influence.
Yet, with the selection of this special topic, I am aware that
I shall speak from my own personal impressions and memory
and may fail utterly to express the feelings of another just as
indebted to Dr. Osier as am I.

I have asked myself, What were Dr. Osier's basic thoughts
and principle in his work for, and devotion to, the State
Medical Society? He held the most influential position
medicine in Baltimore could give; he had at command greater
powers than any one medical man had ever possessed in the
city ; his teaching and organization duties in the new medical
school were exacting enough to take all his time, and yet he
went to work on the state society in a way which soon gathered
recruits happy to work under — not his direction — but his
mind and heart. What led him to do it? I think he felt that
the biggest medical foundation Baltimore had ever had ought
to benefit the existing profession. He thought there should
be a high valuation of the profession itself: realization of the

89

90 Sir William Osler, Bart

obligation of self-improvement; a breaking-down of the
" middle wall of partition " between those, who, by a connec-
tion with the new school, seemed to possess an advantage, more
or less adventitious, and those who found, or thought they did,
a definite obstacle to practice in the new Foundation. He felt
the meaning of " Unity." He told us of this — at least in
words — only on the eve of his departure. And yet he had told
us about it previously in a better way. Go over the papers he
brought to the faculty meetings and the smaller gatherings of
the local society and you will, if I mistake not, see that he
presented the problems of disease, cause, prevention and cure,
as the same for the hard-worked country doctor, with little
time to read, and the man with hospital and laboratory
advantages, plus trained nurses and competent assistants. But
here the roads parted, in a sense. The practitioner brought
his experiences and difficulties. Modern methods of investi-
gation were not at his command. Dr. Osier felt that the man
with greater advantages should, in the first place, qualify him-
self to understand the point of view of his less fortunately
placed colleague, and then, from his greater advantages, make
up the deficiency.

Sometimes a chance thing makes a life-long impression, and
such an occurrence has come back to me time and again. At a
society meeting typhoid fever was the topic. I believe I am
quoting accurately: "Typhoid fever, the monster that de-
stroys the best of our sons and claims the fairest of our
daughters : are we to let it continue or stop it ? " And then
followed a clear, scientific and yet almost a domestic demon-
stration of preventive measures which could be taken home
and taught to those who did not know, but who, if they knew,
might save their own and others' lives. This, I believe, was
Dr. Osier's motive force: aim to realize the other man's point
of views and his needs, and to reach these needs if he could.
But if such was the self-imposed task, success could come from
no wiser-than-thou attitude. There had to be a comradeship ;
not the assumed, patronizing variety, but the sort that cements
the minds and hearts of men earnest after the same thing —

Medical and Chirurgical Faculty 91

knowledge. How many of us have met him browsing around
in the library, and soon found ourselves just talking? Yet
from that talk we afterwards found we had gleaned a great
deal. It was from one such talk that I took away definite
impressions about the evils of narrow specialism. Again, after
we got to know him better, we would sometimes find him in
deep conversation with a beginner in medicine, or a man we
hardly knew, and we shied off. It was perfectly clear what he
was doing. But the comradeship was the real thing; there
was nothing professorial about it. This comradeship extended
beyond the confines of men who were active students for their
own good or those who needed prodding. It went after and
reached those who had something to give, and who did not
know how to give it; maybe they did not know they had it.
There are matters of importance to the faculty and profession,
bearing others' names, which would never have come into being
without William Osier's realization of their importance and
pointing out the way to achievement. I cannot speak more
definitely; but men familiar with the faculty's history will
know. This comradeship went farther. It reached those who
for one reason or another had met with little or no success.
It made them feel that in spite of what might be termed
failure, honesty of purpose gave standing to a man in medicine
and brought him into unity with his brothers upon whom
fortune had smiled more kindly.

Work for the library, teaching its value by precept and
example, demonstrating the unity of the medical profession
and the spirit of comradeship soon won the esteem, confidence
and affection of men throughout our state. This feeling was,
possibly, best expressed in a telegram sent to Dr. Osier's
mother in April, 1905, when he was about to leave Baltimore.
The telegram was sent by vote of the faculty at its annual
meeting and signed by the president, Samuel T. Earle. It
reads :

The greetings of the Medical and Chirurgical Faculty of Mary-
land to Mrs. Osier, asking her to share their sentiments in taking
leave of William Osier, congratulating Mrs. Osier first on the

92 Sir William Osler, Bart.

distinguished career of her son, but most on the innate qualities
which have endeared him to his associates in Maryland.

A few clays later the following reply was received :

Mrs. Osier, who is unable from her great age to write, asked
me to express her heartfelt thanks to you for the very kind tele-
gram of greeting sent through you from the Medical and Chi-
rurgical Faculty of Maryland, and to say that the receipt of the
message gave her the greatest pleasure, more especially in the
expression of affection and appreciation called forth by the
personal qualities of her son, since these are, in her eyes, more
precious than all his honors.

She knows that it must be hard for him to sever his connection
with such kind confreres, and she is sure that the friendships he
has made during his residence in the States will be among his
most cherished memories. I am, sir, yours sincerely,

Jeannette Osler.

One who had thrown his heart and soul into an enterprise
would he keenly disappointed if his work fell through in later
years. There seems no danger of this while there survive the
men who came under Dr. Osier's leadership. The funds
obtained through his influence, and others, which have come
since, because of the spirit he put into the organization, are
keeping the faculty up to date. But these material things,
important as they are, would fail in their purpose, unless
something else lived and permeated the faculty's life. I
mean the mental attitude which I have tried to present. It is
interesting to go over a book in a public library even if one
owns a copy himself. The latter he feels free to mark, but it
demands a certain amount of bad taste to mark passages in a
book which does not belong to you, However, this bad taste
does exist here and there and sometimes it may not be without
its advantages. It shows the other fellow's thought. Becently
I picked up " Aequanimitas " at the library and opened by
chance at the delightful essay " Teacher and Student." That
a library-worn book like this should open right there is not
without significance. It means that there are youngsters
coming on now who are getting from the printed page some
of the things others got from personal intercourse. This
passage is marked with a heavy lead pencil :

Medical and Chirurgical Faculty 93

The measure of value of a nation to the world is neither the
bushel nor the barrel, but mind; — Wheat and pork, though useful
and necessary, are but dross in comparison with those intellectual
products which alone are imperishable.

In " Unity, Peace and Concord," written in 1905, 13 years
after the essay to which allusion has been made, Dr. Osier
speaks of " the petition in the Litany in which we pray that
to the nations may be given unity, peace and concord." Then
follows this, which I do not attempt to summarize :

Century after century from the altars of Christendom this
most beautiful of all prayers has arisen from lips of men and
women, from the loyal souls who have refused to recognize its
hopelessness, with the war-drums ever sounding in their ears.
The desire for unity, the wish for peace, the longing for concord,
deeply implanted in the human heart, have stirred the most
powerful emotions of the race, and have been responsible for
some of its noblest actions. It is but a sentiment, you may say,
but is not the world ruled by feeling and by passion? .... As
with the nations at large, so with the nation in particular; as
with people, so with individuals, and as with our profession, so
with its members, this fine old prayer for unity, peace and con-
cord, if in our hearts as well as on our lips, may help us to
realize its aspirations.

Now, 14 years later, with the world still "refusing" to
recognize its " hopelessness " and struggling toward the reali-
zation of permanent unity, peace and concord, these words
seem almost prophetic. From the " nations at large " through
successive steps, this great principle of unity, peace and
concord reaches the medical profession and "individual"
doctor. His comprehension and use of it will depend on his
relative valuation of the " barrel and bushel " and " mind."
Dr. Osier's method of upbuilding the faculty differed from
others' in that he aimed to increase the individual's receptivity
for what the faculty had to offer. So long as the faculty sees
its responsibility to offer only the best; so long as its members
appreciate the nature of what is offered and remember that

94 Sir William Osler, Bart.

profit is a question of their own hearts and minds, there will
be no danger of deterioration ; but both are necessary. While
we are congratulating Dr. Osier and gratefully acknowledging
our debt to him, let us not forget what his example taught;
for it is only thus that we can keep what he had so large a
share in giving us.

OSLER AND THE BOOK AND JOURNAL CLUB
By J. A. Chatard

Of all the varied activities and interests that occupied Sir
William Osier, while in Baltimore, possibly none appealed to
him personally, and to the little group of supporters that he
gathered about him in the early days of 1896, more than the
idea of getting together a few of the men of the profession at
periodic times for the discussion of old books on medical sub-
jects and the presentation of papers on the historical side of
medicine. At the same time the members, bv their interest
in the work and by the voluntary subscriptions offered, helped
much in the improvement of the library of the Medical and
Chirurgical Faculty by the purchase of new books and journals.

In these early DO's the faculty was in a quiescent mood with
few regular meetings at which, for the most part, only routine
business was transacted. For lack of funds the library was
much neglected and the book and journal files were far from
complete. This Dr. Osier saw and at once put his great
store of knowledge and earnestness, at the disposal of the
members of the faculty, with the result that the Book and
Journal Club was soon in a flourishing condition.

Those of us who went to the early meetings can still remem-
ber the enthusiasm of Dr. Osier in his presentation of rare old
historical medical subjects or in the enlightening discussion
that he gave following someone else's paper. After some
time he would then show some of the fine old books illustrating
the talk, these books not infrequently coming from his own
medical library.

But for one man's enthusiasm and zeal we might have
missed so many interesting talks on the " Hippocratic Writ-
ings," the " Plague of 1630 in Milan," " Harvey as an Embry-
ologist," " Some Diseases Bearing the Names of Saints,"
"The Resurrectionists of London and Edinburgh," "The

95

9G Sir William Osler, Bart.

Books of Vesalius," " Assyrian Medicine," and last but not
least, our old friend Sir Thomas Browne. These and so many
other historical subjects he was instrumental in bringing be-
fore us, leading us on to browse among the old masters and
find there the very things we may be looking for to-day.

During his presidency, the Book and Journal Club collected
over five thousand dollars by voluntary subscription and in
addition to paying for the binding of many journals, we were
able to purchase annually about 270 books and subscribe to
56 journals. To those of us who know how crippled the
finances of the faculty were at that time, and how little was
available for the library fund, this money from the Book and
Journal Club was a treasure indeed.

To the older members of the faculty his work and zeal for
their interests was of wonderful help and assistance, and his
close association with them will always be looked back on
with the deepest and most lasting pleasure. To the younger,
some of whom are now among the older members of the
faculty, who knew him at that time and worshipped from afar,
his example should be a help to be better students and workers.
To the youngest members of the faculty, who, alas, knew him
not, it becomes a duty to emulate his efforts in historical study
and so join in the company of those who can find that all is
not dry and musty in the old discolored books upon our shelves.
It is only by thus fostering and helping along a search for old
truths that the newer ones assume a more crystalline appear-
ance and we are better able to value them in the light of
advancing thought.

OF TOE MEDICALAND wCHIRURGlCAL FACULTY
OF THE STATE^3&Jp€*£^F0F MARYLAND

PURCHASED THROUGH THE

WILLIAM OSLER

TESTIMONIAL FUND

FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF MEDICINE

OSLER'S INFLUENCE OX THE LIBRARY OE THE

MEDICAL AND CHIRURGICAL FACULTY

OF THE STATE OF MARYLAND

By Marcia C. Xoyes, Librarian

Associations of Dr. Osier are so interwoven with the library
of the Medical and Chinirgical Faculty that what we have
become is, in reality, but an expression of what we felt he
would have us be.

The name of Osier is writ large in the history of the library
from the time of his first connection with it in 1890; and the
impression made by his character on the lives of those with
whom he came in contact has been a powerful influence for
the betterment of medicine in Maryland and in the upbuild-
ing of the state society and its library.

Dr. Osier was elected a member of our Library Committee
in 1892 in which year the committee reported difficulties, finan-
cial and otherwise, in the management of this " most valued
and noble inheritance." Although never serving as chairman,
that he lent himself to the surmounting of these difficulties
we know, and what was accomplished between 1892 and 1905,
his tenure of office on the Library Committee, is given, in
part, herewith.* From a collection of a few thousand old
books in 1892, it grew to 14,590 volumes in 1905, and has
grown steadily ever since.

The library, which dates from 1830, had been partially
revived in 1881 and was housed in rooms in the basement of
the old Maryland Historical Society in 1885; but it was
Dr. Osier's interest which brought about its renaissance and
the purchase of and its removal to the home at 847 X. Eutaw

* When abroad for his annual outing, Dr. Osier always had the
needs of our Library in mind, and we owe many of its greatest
treasures to his interest. Some of these were a direct gift from
him, and others selected for purchase on the Frick Fund.

97

98 Sir William Osler, Bart.

Street (Hamilton Terrace) in 1895. After a year without
proper supervision it was owing to Dr. Osier, who personally
saw to it, that the Library Committee employed a trained
worker and the present librarian took charge. To him we owe
the founding of the Charles Prick section of the library, in
189(3, which was made possible by the generosity of Messrs.
William F. and Frank Frick; and the establishment of the
Book and Journal Club at about the same time. These funds
gave the library a definite income for the first time in its
history.

Dr. Osier was president of the Faculty in 1896-1897, and in
his presidential address, April, 1897, in outlining the purpose
of the Book and Journal Club, and of the Frick memorial
said : " I envy Charles Frick the good fortune to go down to
the future generations in this Faculty with his name linked
to an important section of our library. Posthumously and by
proxy, as it were, thus to carry on, though dead, the work
he was interested in while living, is the nearest approach a
man can make to cheating the great enemy, and in Charles
Frick's case it is in a measure a compensation for the untime-
liness of his taking off." He also spoke of the approaching
centennial as follows : " We can try in the centennial year to
obtain a proper endowment for the Faculty from our friends
among the citizens. We shall need a larger hall, more in
keeping with the rank and work of the profession of this
city — quarters as complete as our brethren enjoy in Philadel-
phia and New York. And an endowment yielding a few
thousand dollars annually is absolutely essential for the proper
development of the library." At the centennial of the Faculty
in 1899 he gave the first thousand dollars toward such an
endowment fund; and it may safely be said that it was prin-
cipally due to his influence that the Charles M. Ellis bequest
was made in 1910.

It was because of the widespread desire to honor Dr. Osier
that the present home of the library, at 1211 Cathedral Street,
became a fact in 1909 ; and because of a further expression of
this desire that the Osier Testimonial Fund for the purchase,

Medical and Chirurgical Faculty Library 99

in his name, of books on medicine was presented to us in 1917.
It is singularly fitting that his name should be linked for all
time with that of the Medical and Chirurgical Faculty and
its library, for he delighted so keenly in the phrasing of the
old title — the chirurgical, so hard for the uninitated to pro-
nounce— and in the usage of the word faculty instead of
society. The development of the library, to its fullest extent,
interested him beyond measure, for he was not only a lover,
but a user of books, and he insisted that his students should
learn the art. The familiar slip bearing his reference was
presented almost daily by some one of them, and our reading
room on Saturday afternoons became a rendezvous for students
and physicians who thought to meet him there to seek his
advice. In those days, the pausing of a hansom at the door,
if followed immediately by a cheery whistle, presaged his
advent to the initiated. Hardly a Saturday passed without
Dr. Osier coming to scan the shelves containing the new
journals and to browse among the books to be found in the
Charles Frick Reading Eoom.

Akin to his interest in books is his interest in medical
libraries in general, and he was intimately familiar with and
always a welcome guest at the library of the Surgeon General's
Office, the College of Physicians of Philadelphia, the New
York Academy of Medicine, the Boston Medical Library and
the library at McGill University, as well as the libraries in
Baltimore and many of the smaller medical libraries elsewhere,
some of which he fostered. He was not only familiar with the
books in these collections, but he knew intimately the cata-
logers and workers who do not usually come in contact with
the readers, as well as the librarians in charge.

This interest found expression in the founding, in conjunc-
tion with Dr. George M. Gould, of Philadelphia, of the Medical
Library Association in 1898. Owing to his generosity our
library was a member from the beginning, and has become an
influence in the medical world because of this membership and
our connection with the exchange of the association.

100 Sir William Osler, Bart.

ISTo one man has so left his imprint on the libraries of two
continents as has Sir William Osier, and a quotation from his
address " Books and Men " delivered in 1901 at the opening
of the new building of the Boston Medical Library, at 8 The
Fenway, sums up what his example has meant to this library
and Faculty :

It is hard for me to speak of the value of libraries in terms
which would not seem exaggerated. Books have been my delight
these thirty years, and from them I have received incalculable

benefits For the teacher and the worker a great library

such as this is indispensable. They must know the world's best

work and know it at once For the general practitioner

a well-used library is one of the few correctives of the premature
senility which is so apt to overtake him. Self-centered, self-
taught, he leads a solitary life, and unless his everyday experi-
ence is controlled by careful reading or by the attrition of a
medical society it soon ceases to be of the slightest value and
becomes a mere accretion of isolated facts, without correlation.

SOME EARLY REMINISCENCES OF
WILLIAM OSLER

By Henry M. Hurd

In September, 1883, while on a vacation trip with a friend,
I stopped at Kingston, Ontario, and found myself in a busy
throng of physicians in attendance upon the Canadian Medical
Association in annual session there. The physicians were
diligent in their attendance upon the meetings of the associa-
tion, proud of their mutual calling and eager to advance it.
The secretary of the organization, and one of the leading
spirits, was Dr. Osier, a resident of Montreal, a young man of
34 years, who then, as always, appeared younger. He knew in
person every physician present and was easily the guiding
force in the association. He participated freely in the discus-
sions which followed the reading of papers and did not hesi-
tate to express his mind freely and frankly on all important
questions. In the meetings there were the usual differences of
opinion between the rank and file of the profession and the
members of the medical examining board and verbal en-
counters sometimes took place between many men of different
minds. Osier spoke boldly and without reserve and had an
opinion upon all matters, but never seemed to excite ill feeling
or lasting resentment on the part of those who differed with
him. He was an excellent secretary and carefully watched
the progress of the special work of the meetings. He was
spare in figure, with a sharp, piercing eye, and although of
sallow complexion, was vigorous and in excellent health. He
was neatly and quietly, but carefully dressed and in manner
and bearing displayed the characteristics which I later learned
to recognize and appreciate as peculiar to him. One circum-
stance in the meeting attracted my attention in a special way;
a prominent member read a paper entitled "The Conduct of
Medical Men Towards Each Other and Towards Each Others'

101

102 Sir William Osler, Bart.

Patients," which displayed great wrong-headedness and per-
versity of feeling in reference to the relations of physicians to
each other in the matter of consultations over very ill patients.
He held that a physician was justified, when called in con-
sultation, in getting control of his brother practitioner's
patient and concluded by saying: "Take all the cases you
can get and keep them if you can without reference to the
rights of any other attending physician." He also deemed it
justifiable to report one's cases of operations or extraordinary
cures in the newspapers and inquired, " Why should not
medical men report their cases as well as a lawyer his speeches
or a clergyman his sermons ? " When he had concluded read-
ing his paper he was called sharply to order by several members
and referred to the Code of Ethics which existed in Canada to
govern the relations of physicians to each other. Whereupon
the offender announced that he had never seen any such code
and that it had no meaning to him. Dr. Osier sprang to his
feet and drew from his pocket a pamphlet copy of the Code of
Ethics which he waved about his head and in a loud, clear
voice announced that he took great pleasure in supplying a
copy to his innocent and untutored friend and was glad to
learn that he had " sinned unwittingly through ignorance."

In 1889, when I came to Baltimore, I found Dr. Osier in
temporary charge of The Johns Hopkins Hospital, which had
been open in part for a few weeks. He lived at the hospital
and guided its work in company with Dr. Halsted and such
members of the early staff as Lafleur, Brockway, Clarke and
others. I remember on my first visit while walking along
Broadway in company with Osier and President Gilman, the
day being very hot, the latter, as usual, had an umbrella which
he used to protect himself against the rays of the sun. He
invited Osier to walk with him, who declined saying, " The
chill of nearly 10 Canadian winters is still in my veins and I
do not need any such shelter."

He was a delightful companion with children and took much
pleasure in conversing with them and even mystifying them
by detailing remarkable personal experiences and sometimes

Early Reminiscences 103

tragedies. Once he invited two young girls to a luncheon at
his house on Monument Street, where his niece, now Mrs.
Abbott, kept house for him. He came late to luncheon and
explained his delay by the fact that he had been caught in a
down-pour of rain when crossing Monument Square which
had produced a flood sweeping him off his feet; that he had
escaped only after vigorous swimming and had barely saved
himself by grasping the shaft of the Washington Monument
with both arms. A more harrowing tale was that of the loss
of a young friend by falling from his row-boat into the
St. Lawrence River. He explained that he might have rescued
her had he not resolved never to act hastily and without due
consideration. He had accordingly tossed up a coin to deter-
mine what his action should be. It fell adversely and he
rowed ashore alone weeping bitterly ! Fancy the difficulty of
duly impressing high moral precepts upon the young in the
light of such a confusing example. Children delighted in his
presence and were charmed by him, but very naturally were
always uncertain as to the logical nature of his conclusions
and equally puzzled by hie apparent indifference to conven-
tional conceptions of duty and obligation. There was also in
his attitude towards pupil nurses a similar light-hearted
irresponsibility which marked some portion of two addresses
to nurses to which reference is made later. It is possible,
however, to perceive that under the cloak of these apparent
trivialities there lurked a seriousness of purpose and a keen
desire to point.. a painful moral in a kindly way. With
children. however) it was simply an expression of his ample
imagination and of his desire to please and puzzle them. Even
older people were sometimes at a loss to follow his moods and
strange fancies. He was invariably cheerful, hopeful, and
optimistic even under circumstances of discouragement and
doubt. I remember on one occasion one of his colleagues,
mystified by his imperturbability in a trying emergency said,
"Osier drop your mask, let us know what you actually think
of the situation," but no one ever did gain that knowledge.

104 Sir William Osler, Bart.

Osier's habits of work, while he resided at The Johns Hop-
kins Hospital, were exemplary and somewhat unusual for a
man of literary taste. Such men are usually inclined to turn
night into day, but he rose promptly at 7 a. m., took his bath
and breakfast and was ready for work at 8 o'clock. He seemed
to have a faculty for setting his mental machinery in motion
immediately and accomplished effective work without delay.
When his secretary came he generally began to dictate and by
practice acquired great facility in terse and vigorous expres-
sion. This quality also was undoubtedly assisted by his
familiarity with King James' version of the Bible, the
Prayer Book, and Sir Thomas Browne. His method of the
preparation of the Principles of Medicine was worthy of
being followed by other writers. He gathered the literature
of any subject which he had on hand by judicious foraging in
his library and elsewhere. The volumes thus collected were
piled four square generally, open at the page to be consulted
upon the table, as long as room sufficed and later upon the
floor until movement about the room was much restricted. I
remember that when after seven months of strenuous labor
he completed the first draft of his treatise on medicine I
chanced to look into his room and found that it contained an
immense heap of books piled as high as the table like an
ancient sacrificial altar. The first draft was carefully revised
with no great amount of change in sentences and forms of
expression. Such changes as were made, however, did not
destroy the crisp, breezy style or the epigrammatic form of
expression which has always been characterise of his literary
work. The book contained many personal references which
gave peculiar satisfaction to his friends by reason of the good-
natured personal touches lie frequently gave to the cherished
beliefs and traditions which he did not share. I remember
in speaking of the use of turpentine in typhoid fever, he said,
" The routine administration of turpentine in typhoid fever
is a useless practice for the perpetuation of which, in this
generation, H. C. Wood is largely responsible." This some-
what pointed condemnation of a generally recognized method

Early Reminiscences 105

of treatment at that time brought forth a vigorous rejoinder
from Dr. Wood in a medical journal, but fortunately there
was no loss of friendship on the part of either Osier or Wood.

Osier was also very scrupulous in fulfilling his duties in
attendance upon the meetings of medical societies. When
once informed by a student that he did not attend the meeting
of a medical society because he was not sure that he could get
anything out of it he replied, " Do you think I go for what
I can get out of it or for what I can put into it ? " Those who
knew him felt a deep impression that in all activities in
medical societies and in behalf of his students he labored solely
to inspire them with a love of work for its own sake and for
what he felt to be its final effect upon their growth and
development.*

This fact was brought out in his relations to the Training
School for Nurses, established at the hospital in October, 1889,
which were of an ideal character. He had a warm friendship
for Miss Hampton, the organizer of the school and its first
principal, and also for Miss Nutting, her successor. He gave
much assistance in the way of advice and in teaching and was
warmly interested in its success. He gave two graduating
addresses also, one entitled, " Nurse and Patient," and the
other, " Doctor and Nurse." He was appreciative of the work
of nurses and touched lightly and gracefully upon the mutual
relations of the nurse to her co-worker, the doctor, and to the
object of her care, the patient. There was, however, a sus-
picion of an attitude of reserve towards trained nurses as a
class as may be inferred by the quotations which preceded
these addresses when published. One, for example, had this
significant motto, from the Psalms of David, "I said I will
take heed to my ways that I offend not in my tongue. I will
keep my mouth as it were with a bridle." The other quotation
was from Sir Thomas Browne, " Think not silence the wisdom
of fools, but if rightly timed the honor of wise men who have
not the infirmity, but the virtue, of taciturnity and speak not
out of the abundance, but the well-weighed thoughts of their

106 Sir William Osler, Bart.

hearts. Such silence may be eloquence and speak thy worth
above the power of words."

Osier in fact seemed always appreciative and helpful while
at the same time he had an air of detachment as one who was
endeavoring to see whither the movement for the education of
nurses would ultimately lead. In the end I am sure that he
learned to understand and appreciate the work of the training
school and felt the great importance of it to physicians and to
the advance of the science of medicine.

OSLER AS I KNEW HIM IN PHILADELPHIA AXD

IN" THE HOPKIXS

By Howard A. Kelly

I find myself wondering, in these days of pleasant retro-
spection, now that our much loved friend Sir William Osier
is so splendidly rounding out his seventh decade, whether, of
all his friends here, I may not claim the credit of having
known him first.

I was living in Philadelphia up in the big mill district of
Kensington, culling a surgical out of a large general practice,
and at the same time keeping in close touch with things at the
LTniversity of Pennsylvania, for eight years my college, when
it became manifest that some fresh and stirring blood had
entered the college life.

The university, with so many eminent men camping on her
very doorstep in Philadelphia, and with that tendency to
nepotism, a form of paternal pride seen in all success ful
institutions, had, as we younger men thought, driven John
Guiteras of brilliant promise in general medicine, away from
her doors to protect Pepper from rivalry, and now. not without
great hesitation as we understood, she had actually broken
her shackles, thrown traditions to the winds and pulled
William Osier down from McGill in Montreal.

Fresh invigorating currents of life and new activities in our
-t.-reotyped medical teachings began at once to manifest them-
selves, and every sturdy expectant youngster in short order
lined himself up as a satellite to the new star. Osier breezes
were felt everywhere in the old conservative medical center,
and yet it was not without some difficulties that he securely
established himself. Weir Mitchell, who had reason in his
later days to cultivate kindlier feelings towards the university
than in his young manhood, was from the first Osier's devoted
and intimate friend, and one by one the faculty was won to

107

108 Sir William Osler, Bart.

appreciate him, perhaps including even Pepper too, though I
am not so sure. My own life touched Osiers in the Kensing-
ton mill district in northeast Philadelphia. Aside from
anatomy and chemistry, I got most of my real medical educa-
tion while a resident in the Episcopal Hospital and next in
the homes of the Kensington folk. Wood's physiological
therapeutics and Stille's didactic lectures on medicine seemed
deadly to me, and worst of all was Tyson's pathology elucidated
by Formad's quizzes. So it remained to get the education at
the bedside, and here Osier came to my aid. It was more than
a Sabbath day's journey in those days to go to Kensington
from the heart of the city; it was an hour in the street car,
and a long drive over bad, very bad, Philadelphia streets, but
Osier came and Agnew came with their lamps in their hands
to illuminate a few of the problems in the vast domain in which
all medical graduates are presumed to be experts.

I think the first patient that Osier saw was suffering from
anorexia nervosa, a condition which I had never seen before,
and of which I was ignorant. He stayed to dine in Norris
Square, and was particularly interested in my collection of
old medical books.

Then he was whisked away to Baltimore, and then after a
year's time, I followed at his behest, glad to have a more
concentrated field of work.

Here I can add nothing, for his record is known and read
of all men, and what a blessing he, and Welch, and Halsted,
and Hurd proved to be in this community. I leave others to
appreciate Osier's skill as a medical man, and his love of the
classics. I always think of him first of all as one who brought
order out of the chaos in the medical profession of this city, a
great task effected by his kindly personality, his insight into
human nature, and the genuine affection he ever felt for all
men who were even half way good.

It was a settled policy of Osler^s life never to speak ill of
any one but always to find the good, and in that way he con-
verted the hostile camp of Baltimore into a kindly family of
cooperating doctors.

In Philadelphia 109

Medicine here had fangs in the old days. Osier and Welch
more than any others drew them ; and so made possible medical
progress.

I want to lay claim to the gift of prophetic insight (a role
I doubt not in which many of my colleagues have anticipated
me) ; I had said from the first that Osier was bound for
London, and in the old days I longed to be ready to go with
him when he went. The outcome has exceeded, I think, all our
anticipations, and who but he would have maintained unabated
the same interest in all his old friends, and who else could
have turned the ocean into a highway, and his new position,
detached as it is from any vast clinical facilities, into a veri-
table medical Mecca for all our American medical world. That
many lustra may still be added to the kindly years of Lady and
Sir William Osier is the wish of many hearts.

OSLEK AS A BIBLIOPHILE
By Thomas E. Boggs

Adequate treatment of this important side of Dr. Osier's
activities would far transcend the present writers abilities and
the space allotted to this article. But it may be of some value
to discuss briefly Dr. Osier's interest in old books as reflected
in his informal talks with the students.

In looking back it seems to the writer that the interest in
the early editions was a development of the fundamental value
he placed in the study of the history and evolution of the
science and art of medicine, and that it was in connection with
his studies of the fathers of medicine in all times and countries
that he began that collection of first and rare editions which
has now reached such remarkable proportions.

When the plan of collecting the works of the founders of
British Medicine was first originated is unknown to the writer,
but it had already reached a large degree of perfection at the
time when the class of 1901 began to make the Saturday even-
ing visits to the old house al No. 1 West Franklin Street.

Most of us will ever retain the delightful recollection of
those informal gatherings about the big table in the dining-
room, when after the discussion of the week's work in the
ward- was finished, "the chief" would bring out some of the
books from the special shelves devoted to the masters of
medicine and show us the first editions, tell as the story of
their discovery and acquisition, point out the notable passa
and give the salient facts in the author's life history. For
many of us tin's was the beginning of our knowledge of tie-
history of medicine and of our own feeble attempts to follow
in his steps as collectors.

How reverently we handled and admired the rare little
\nlumes, of Linacre's grammar, or the spurious Qrsl edition
of the Religio, or Digby's Animadversions, with their choice
8 111

112 Sir William Osler, Bart.

bindings by Biviere or Zaehnsdorff. How thrilled by the story
of the discovery of such a treasure on a York bookstall, bound
in with an Almanack and bought for half a crown. With what
delight we turned the pages of the tall copy of the Pseudoxia
Epidemica and dipped into the grave Sir Thomas's discussion
of the verity of the pictures of God, or the popular idea " that
elephants have no knees." A beautiful Aldine from Mead's
own library brought out the story of that great collector and
his testamentary instruction that his library be sold so that
others might have some of the pleasures of acquisition which
lie had so much enjoyed. We were given a glimpse into the
special lore of the bibliophile, and learned something of the
work of the pioneer printers and of the great presses of a later
date. We learned a little of the fonts of type and the water-
marks of papers, as well as the characteristics of the bindings
peculiar to certain periods. The nature of book auctions was
disclosed to us and we became familiar with the magic names
of Sotheby and Quaritch, until some of us found the perusal
of a good catalogue as exciting as a detective story. Still more
important, we heard about the more famous collections of
medical works, and began to project personal visits to the
Bodleian, the Boyal College of Physicians and the Bibliotheque
Nationale.

But best of all and doubtless the ultimate object of all was
the gradual acquisition of an epitome of the history of medi-
cine which has kept us interested ever since those days.

Moreover, it was not merely the cultural value of a knowl-
edge of the beginnings of the profession, but the constant
lesson of the individual worker's triumph over handicaps of
isolation, poverty, ridicule or personal peril, to add some con-
tribution to the sum of knowledge, and the reiteration of the
theme that the painstaking and observant physician, even
though removed from the centers of learning and wide oppor-
tunity, has in the past contributed fundamentally to the
advancement of knowledge, and may hope to do so in the,
future.

As a Bibliophile 113

Again, Dr. Osier stimulated in us an interest in the medical
writers of the early days of our own country and showed how
much might be found by the investigation of the early journals
and books, and this has led to the substantial contributions by
his associates and pupils to the history of medicine in the
colonies, the United States and Canada.

In conclusion, another side of Dr. Osier's bibliophilic
activity must be noted, that is, his generous interest in the
medical libraries of the country. He was not satisfied to
acquire rare and interesting volumes for himself, but was
constantly giving such books to the various professional
libraries with which he had been associated; thus, McGill,
Boston, The College of Physicians in Philadelphia and our
own Maryland Faculty and Johns Hopkins have repeatedly
received valuable acquisitions from him or from others whom
he had induced to give rare volumes or even whole collections.

We are happy to know how vastly " the chief's " collection
has grown since he removed to the University of Oxford, so
that it is now one of the very best in existence. The catalogue,
bibliographic, biographic and literary, of this great collection
of the epoch-making works of science occupies most of his
leisure, and will form another great contribution to the
literature of medicine, second only to the immortal Practice.

OSLER'S LITERARY STYLE

By Edward 1ST. Brush

There are in connection with the task which has been
assigned to me many very pleasant aspects. To make a critical
analysis, to present a clear picture of Dr. Osier's literary style
demands, however, more time and space than are at my dis-
posal and above all more ability as a literary critic than I am
endowed with.

In reading Dr. Osier's contributions to the literature of
medicine, as well as his occasional addresses and essays, I am
tempted to linger here and there, to point out the clarity of
expression, the simplicity and beauty of diction and quote
passage after passage in illustration of my thesis. Such a
course would simplify the task before me because these quota-
tions would show the author's style better than any powers of
description or any ability of analysis I possess.

In his purely scientific work, as for example, in The
Principles and Practice of Medicine, the author's method and
his grasp of his subject are admirable. He follows the advice
of the friend of Cervantes when the author of Don Quixote
was in a quandary over the preparation of his preface,
" Nothing but pure nature is your business; her you must
consult, and the closer you can imitate, your picture is the
better."

In my student days some one placed in my hands a copy
of Watson's Practice.* While it was not recommended as a
text-book to follow as an exponent of the then recognized
principles of medical thought and practice, I found it one of
the easiest works to read and one from which I obtained much
of lasting value. Commenting upon this fact to my preceptor
I was told that I had fallen upon a book which possessed,
something not common in medical treatises, a good style.

* Lectures on the Principles and Practice of Physic. By Thomas
Watson, M. D., etc., London, 1843.

115

116 Sir William Osler, Bart.

The same is true of Osier's writings upon the strictly
scientific aspect of medicine. Unity, order, clarity of descrip-
tion and ease of diction abound throughout his text-book and
his various monographs. A master of his subject, having made
the nature of disease his business, he imparts his information
in such a manner that the reader at no time finds it difficult,
because of ambiguous phraseology or doubtful expression, to
grasp his meaning. His thoughts are " linked with the wants
of his readers," and by the invisible chains which bind mind to
mind, he and his reader become one.

The reader finds that he has a message to impart, a principle
to establish, a rule of conduct to promulgate, and that he has
done so in a logical, attractive maner which compels attention ;
and that to my mind is the test and measure of good writing.

Another view of Osier as an author is revealed in his occa-
sional addresses and essays. In the two volumes before me —
" Aequanimitas and Other Addresses " and " An Alabama
Student and Other Biographical Addresses " — Osier's style in
all its directness, strength and grace is shown in full measure.

In these volumes, as in other addresses not therein con-
tained, notably his farewell to his professional associates and
friends in Maryland under the title " Unity, Peace and Con-
cord," Osier exemplifies Buffon's dictum : " The style is the
man himself."

Sir Thomas Watson in his memorial of Latham, whose
" Lectures on Clinical Medicine " are examples of the best
English style, says : " His letters are treasures of good sense,
of lively and epigrammatic comments on men and things and
of shrewd and weighty reflections, wise advice and affectionate
greetings " ; and this can be with great truth applied to the
addresses and essays of Dr. Osier. Lively, epigrammatic,
shrewd, weighty and affectionate are all terms which well suit
my purpose, which reveal the man through his writing.
" Talent alone cannot make a writer," says Emerson, " there
must be a man behind the book, a personality which by birth
and quality is pledged to the doctrines there set forth."

Literary Style 117

With Byron one " hates an author that's all author." In
Osier's case the author is all man, and the man reflects him-
self in his work. It is an easy task for those who have had the
pleasure and advantage of intimate association with him to
invoke his presence when reading his addresses, as for example,
" Internal Medicine as a Vocation," " Medicine in the Nine-
teenth Century," "The Hospital as a College" and "The
Master Word in Medicine."

What, if any, are the secrets of Osier's style ; upon what does
it depend? The answer, I think, is simply a love for and
thorough mastery of good literature and a message to convey
full of high ideals. One William Harrison, writing in 1577,
speaks of " an excellent vein of writing not beforetime re-
garded " which has become manifest in England. This he
intimates is the result not only of a knowledge on the part of
writers of their own tongue, but of an acquaintance with the
Latin and Greek and often with French and Spanish.

This excellent vein of writing soon became the glory of the
Elizabethan age. The development of higher ideals in English
national life was rapidly followed, as well as fostered, by the
great authors of the age of England's literary glory. Style,
literary excellence, came to be recognized as desirable, and
reached its highest man i testation. Back of it all, however, were
the ideals which fostered and gave material for the expression
of literary style. There was an atmosphere of a great elevation
of ideals, public and private, and at the same time tangible
objects of national ambition and glory. England was " con-
tending in the cause of the world as well as her own " and there
was an outburst of genius which found its counterpart in a
smaller degree many years later when England was contending
again the world-ambition of Napoleon.

Will a similar development follow the world's war out of
which we are just emerging?

When a man who has ideals and honesty of purpose and has
filled his mind with the productions of the master spirits of the
ages feels the call to write or speak, a beauty of literary style
almost inevitably results.

118 Sir William Osler, Bart.

What were the Pierian springs from which Osier drank,
from which he attained, as has been said of him, " a breadth of
learning and a knowledge of general literature that astound
one?"^

I would place first the English Bible. How often either by
direct quotation or paraphrase does one find in his addresses
and essays sentences and phrases from this well-spring of good
English.

Of a liberal knowledge of the classics abundant evidence is
found and a ready ability to take text, and illustration as well,
from mythology.

With the masters of the English tongue from the early dawn
of English literature till the present he has clearly dwelt on
terms of greatest intimacy.

That half-hour devoted every day to communion with the
minds of the past finds lessons reflected in writing, but never
with any indication of servile copying. Osier's style is his own.

The last page of Aequanimitas has a list of books which
Osier has called a Bed-side Library for Medical Students.
This is: 1. Old and New Testament; 2. Shakespeare: 3.
Montaigne; 4. Plutarch's Lives; 5. Marcus Aurelius; 6. Epic-
tetus; 7. Beligio Medici; 8. Don Quixote; 9. Emerson; 10.
Oliver Wendell Holmes — Breakfast-Table Series.

John Brown, of Edinburgh (Horae Subsecivae, p. 4()0),
gives a list which he commends to the medical student. These
are "Shakespeare, Cervantes, Milton, Dryden, Pope, Cowper,
Montaigne, Addison, Defoe Goldsmith, Fielding. Scott, Lamb",
Macaulay, Jeffrey, Sydney Smith, Helps and Thackeray."
Brown's list has nearly twice as many names as that given by
Osier, but in solid worth the shorter list outweighs the longer.

Dr. Osier's list fulfills in brief compass the requirements of
a liberal education and presents to the reader examples of the
best in literature.

Reference has already been made to the fact that Dr. Osier
is reflected in his writings, that in the words of Taine " behind
the document there was a man."

Literary Style 119

In this instance that man had for years exercised, as I have
tried to show elsewhere, a singular and powerful influence on
medical education, hospital methods and in binding together
for harmonious action the members of his profession.

He had encouraged the study of medical history and biog-
raphy and found time in the midst of duties, which might well
have availed as an excuse from further intellectual labors, to
contribute in large measure to these subjects.

Always, with no false note, his cry has been for scientific
righteousness. He has had ideals and, as an idealist, he has
done what he has himself said other idealists have often done,
" gradually moulded to their will conditions the most adverse
and hopeless."

All of this and much more is reflected in the text of Osier's
writing, presented often in epigrammatic form, reinforced by
text and example from many sources, enlivened by a humor
that is irresistible.

No medical contributor to general literature since Holmes
has possessed the saving sense of humor to the degree shown
in Osier's writings and no one could have used it with greater
discrimination or more certain effect.

Often when apparently writing in a most humorous vein he
has been the most serious in his meaning, and how often and
with what delicate touch does he expose some of our human
faults and foibles. I yield to the temptation to quote here an
illustration of that to which I have just referred. " Curious,*^
odd compounds are these fellow-creatures, at whose mercy you
will be; full of fads and eccentricities, of whims and fancies;
but the more closely we study their little foibles of one sort
and anotber in the inner life which we see, the more surely is
the conviction borne in upon us of the likeness of their weak-
nesses to our own. The similarity would be intolerable if a
happy egotism did not often render us forgetful of it. Hence
the need of an infinite patience and an ever-tender charity
toward these fellow creatures: have they not to exercise the
same toward us ? "

120 Sir William Osler, Bart.

To Osier's style may be applied part of his own estimate of
some of the older writers, Burton, Browne and Fuller : " A
rare quaintness, a love of odd conceits and the faculty of apt
illustration."

In his writings he reminds us of what he has said of Browne,
" The charm of high thoughts clad in beautiful language may
win some readers to a love of good literature; but beyond this
is a still greater advantage .... the Religio is full of the
counsels of perfection."

So, too, is there with Osier a " charm of high thoughts clad
in beautiful language " and always the " counsels of perfec-
tion."

Osier's literary work is yet unfinished, the three score years
and ten which he has attained have but ripened his judgment
and enlarged his field of vision. He has seen many of his ideals
become realities. The stress of the great world war has pressed
heavily upon him and brought to him a great sorrow. The
iron has entered into his soul. His future work will bear the
stamp of all these.

He has made his own estimate of the " princes of the blood "
in literature from our profession. He places Sir Thomas
Browne, Holmes and John Brown, of Edinburgh, in a group
high in the circle.

Osier possesses many things in common with these three in
literary style and in literary excellence, and deserves a place
in the same exalted fellowship.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

OF

SIR WILLIAM OSLER, Bart., M. D., F. R. S.

compiled by

Minnie Weight Blogg

librarian, the johns hopkins hospital

Sir William Osier's bibliography covers a period of 49 years
(1870-1919). The 773 titles include both books and articles.
Many of these are in the library of The Johns Hopkins Hos-
pital and have added value as being personal gifts from the
author.

1870

On Canadian diatomacea?. Canad. Naturalist, Montreal, 1870, n. s.,
v, 142-151.
In his: Published Mem. & Communicat, Montreal, 1882, 8°.
[Collect, repr., 1872-1882, i, no. 1.]

1873

Action of certain reagents — atropia, physostigma and curare — on
the colorless blood-corpuscles. Quart. J. Micr. Sc, Lond., 1873,
n.s., xiii, 307-309.
In his: Published Mem. & Communicat., Montreal, 1882, 8°.
[Collect, repr., 1872-1882, i, no. 2.]

1874

An account of certain organisms occurring in the liquor san-
guinis. TRep. by J. B. Sanderson.] Proc. Roy. Soc, Lond.,
1874, xxii, 391-398.
In his: Collect, repr., 1872-82, i, no. 3.

1875

Uterine thermometry. (Cohnstein, Die Thermometrie des Uterus.)
Translated from Virchow's Archiv, Bd. Ixii, Heft i. Canada
M. & S. J., Montreal, 1874-5, iii, 294-297.

Valedictory address to the graduates in medicine and surgery,
McGill University. Canada M. & S. J., Montreal, 1874-75, iii,
433-438.
In his: Published Mem. & Communicat.. Montreal, 1882, 8°.
[Collect, repr., 1872-82, i, no. 4.1

121

122 Sir William Osler, Baet.

1876

Introductory remarks to, and synopsis of, practical course on
institutes of medicine. Canada M. & S. J., Montreal, 1875-76,
iv, 202-207.

Histological characters of the tumour. [A case of melano-sarcoma
of the choroid, by A. Proudfoot.J Canada M. & S. J., Montreal,
1875-76, iv, 298-300.

Histological and general description of the tumors. [Case of
glioma of both retinae. Extirpation of both eyes, by G. E.
Fenwick.] Canada M. & S. J., Montreal, 1875-76, iv, 306-308.

Notice of the recent researches on the pathology of small-pox.
Canada M. & S. J., Montreal, 1875-76, iv, 341-343.

On the pathology of miner's lung. Canada M. & S. J., Montreal,
1875-76, iv, 145-168.
In his: Collect, repr., 1872-82, i, no. 7.

Case of scarlatina miliaris. Canada M. & S. J., Montreal, 1875-76,
iv, 49-54.
In his: Collect, repr., 1872-82, i, no. 5.

On the histologv of leucocythemia. Canada M. & S. J., Montreal,
1875-76, iv, 439-477.
In his: Collect, repr., 1872-82, i, no. 6.

Clinical notes on small-pox. I. The initial rashes. II. Hemor-
rhagic small-pox. III. A form of haemorrhagic small-pox.
Montreal, 1876. Gazette P't'g House, 35 p., 8°.

Also: Canada M. & S. J., Montreal, 1876-77, v, 241; 289.

In his: Published Mem. & Communicat., Montreal, 1882.

[Collect, repr., 1872-82, i, nos. 8, 9, 10.]

Trichina spiralis. Extract-from a lecture on " Animal parasites
and their relation to public health," being one of the Somer-
ville lectures of the Natural History Society. Canad. J. M. Sc,
Toronto, 1876, i, 134-135.

1877

Introductory lecture on the opening of the forty-fifth session of the
medical faculty, McGill University, Oct. 1, 1877. Montreal,
1877, Dawson Bros., 19 p., 8°.

Also: Canada M. & S. J., Montreal, 1877-78, vi, 193-210.

In his: Published Mem. & Communicat., Montreal, 1882, 8°.

[Collect, repr., 1872-82, i, no. 14.]

Post-mortem, eleven hours after death. [Case of cerebral aneur-
ism, by J. Bell.] Canada M. & S. J., Montreal, 1876-77, v, 57-58.

Verminous bronchitis in dogs; read before the Montreal Veterinary
Medical Association, March 29. Veterinarian, Lond., 1877, i,
387-397.
In his: Published Mem. & Communicat., Montreal, 1882, 8°.
[Collect, repr., 1872-82, i, no. 12.]

Beschaffenheit des Blutes und Knochenmarkes bei pernicibser
Anamie. Centralbl. f. d. med. Wissensch., Berl., 1877, xv, 498.
In his: Published Mem. & Communicat., Montreal, 1882, 8°.
[Collect, repr., 1872-82. i, no. 18.]

Bibliography 123

Osier, W., and Bell, J.: Case of progressive pernicious anaemia.
Clinical report, by John Bell. Pathological report, with re-
marks, by William Osier. Montreal, 1877, Lovell Print. &
Publ. Co., 12 p., 12°.
In his: Collect, repr., 1872-82, i, no. 16.

Osier, W., and Gardner, W. : Case of progressive pernicious anaemia
(idiopathic of Addison). Canada M. & S. J., Montreal, 1876-77,
v, 385-404.
In his: Collect, repr., 1872-82, i, no. 15.

Osier, W., and Gardner, W. : Ueber die Beschaffenheit des Blutes
und Knochenmarkes in der progressiven perniciosen Anamie.
Centralbl. f. d. med. Wissensch., Berl., 1877, xv, 258-260.
In his: Published Mem. & Communicat., Montreal, 1882, 8°.
[Collect, repr., 1872-82, i, no. 17.]

1878

On the pathology of the so-called pig-typhoid. London, 1878, Bail-
liere, Tindall & Cox, 20 p., 8°.
Vet. J. & Ann. Comp. Path., Lond., 1878, vi, 385-402.
In his: Published Mem. & Communicat., Montreal, 1882.
[Collect, repr., 1872-82, i, no. 20.]

Over-strain of the heart, as illustrated by a case of hypertrophy,
dilatation and fatty degeneration of the heart, consequent
upon prolonged muscular exertion. Montreal, 1878, Gazette
P't'g House, 13 p. 8°.

Also: Canada M. & S. J., Montreal, 1877-78, vi, 385-395.

In his: Published Mem. & Communicat., Montreal, 1882, 8D.

[Collect, repr., 1872-82, i, no. 19.]

Phthisical cavities in left lung; gangrene of pulmonary tissue
about one of them. Canada M. & S. J., Montreal, 1877-78, vi,
114.
Also: Montreal Gen. Hosp. Rep. (1876-77), 1878, i, 37.

Pleura. Small fibroid thickenings on visceral layer. Canada M.
& S. J.. Montreal, 1877-78, vi, 115-116.
Also: Montreal Gen. Hosp. Rep. (1876-77), 1878, i, 40-41.

Fracture of 1st and 2d ribs near vertebrae, from direct violence;
deep abscess of the neck; obliteration of subclavian artery;
empyema. Montreal Gen. Hosp. Path. Rep. (1876-77), 1878, i,
11-12.

Necrosis of tibia. Ulcerative endocarditis, pyaemic pneumonia.
Montreal Gen. Hosp. Path. Rep. (1876-77), 1878, i, 12-13.

Necrosis of femur, pyaemic pneumonia; abscesses in superficial
muscles; pustular eruption on skin. Montreal Gen. Hosp.
Path. Rep. (1876-77), 1878, i, 13-14.

Primary cancer of bodies of 2d and 3d vertebrae and heads of
corresponding ribs on right side. Secondary masses in ribs,
liver and brain. Chronic phthisis. Lobar pneumonia. Mon-
treal Gen. Hosp. Path. Rep. (1876-77), 1878, i, 14-16.

A case of hypertrophy and dilatation of the heart; no valvular or
arterial disease; no chronic kidney affection; hydrothorax;
pulmonarv apoplexv; general venous stasis. Montreal Gen.
Hosp. Path. Rep. (1876-77), 1878, i, 16-20.

124 Sir William Osler, Baet.

Aneurism of commencement of thoracic aorta, unsuspected during
life; death from general tuberculosis. Montreal Gen. Hosp.
Path. Rep. (1876-77), 1878, i, 20-21.

Sacculated aneurism of ascending portion of arch of aorta; rup-
ture into the right pleural sac. Montreal Gen. Hosp. Path.
Rep. (1876-77), 1878, i, 21.

Sacculated aneurism of aorta, at termination of the arch, un-
suspected during life. Death from pneumonia. Montreal Gen.
Hosp. Path. Rep. (1876-77), 1878, i, 22.

Aneurism of hepatic artery. Right branch almost obliterated.
Multiple abscesses in the liver. Montreal Gen. Hosp. Path.
Rep. (1876-77), 1878, i, 22-30.

Aneurismal dilatation of branches of pulmonary artery on the
walls of phthisical cavities. Death from haemoptysis. Mon-
treal Gen. Hosp. Path. Rep. (1876-77), 1878, i, 30.

Aneurism at second bifurcation of the right middle cerebral
artery; rupture; extravasation of blood into the Sylvian fis-
sure, and laceration of substance of the temporosphenoidal
lobe, death in 36 hours. Montreal Gen. Hosp. Path. Rep.
(1876-77), 1878, i, 30-32.

Ossification of greater portion of mucous membrane of trachea.
Montreal Gen. Hosp. Path. Rep. (1876-77), 1878, i, 32.

Pneumonia of the upper lobe of the right lung; extensive menin-
geal inflammation. Montreal Gen. Hosp. Path. Rep. (1876-77),
1878, i, 33-34.

Almost entire hepatization of left lung; with small pneumonic
area in right. Extensive diphtheritic colitis. Montreal Gen.
Hosp. Path. Rep. (1876-77), 1878, i, 34.

Diabetes, phthisical cavity in right lung surrounded by hepatized
tissue. Montreal Gen. Hosp. Path. Rep. (1876-77), 1878, i,
34-35.

Chronic phthisis, almost entire destruction of both lungs. Healthy
portion involved in a pneumonia. Montreal Gen. Hosp. Path.
Rep. (1876-77), 1878, i, 35.

Simple pneumonia of left lung, right-sided pleurisy. Montreal
Gen. Hosp. Path. Rep. (1876-77), 1878, i, 35.

Pneumonia of right lung, uniform involvement of pleura covering
it. Montreal Gen. Hosp. Path. Rep. (1876-77), 1878, i, 35-37.

Fibroid contraction and induration of entire right lung; cavity at
apex; displacement of heart; hypertrophy with dilatation of
right chambers. Montreal Gen. Hosp. Path. Rep. (1876-77),
1878, i, 38-39.

Chronic phthisis; perforation of lungs; pneumothorax; dermoid
cyst of right ovary. Montreal Gen. Hosp. Path. Rep. (1876-77),
1878, i, 39-40.

Epithelioma of right side of tongue, extending from base to near
the apex. Removal of organ with galvanic ecraseur. Suppura-
tion beneath cervical fascia. Pyaemia. Montreal Gen. Hosp.
Path. Rep. (1876-77), 1878, i, 41-42.

Bibliography 125

Chronic phthisis. Miliary tubercles in lungs and pharynx. Mon-
treal Gen. Hosp. Path. Rep. (1876-77), 1878, i, 42-43.

Cancer of the cardiac orifice, involving the oesophagus. Secondary
masses in other parts of the organ. Montreal Gen. Hosp. Path.
Rep. (1876-77), 1878, i, 43-44.

Medullary cancer, involving the pyloric zone of the stomach;
perforation, peritonitis. Montreal Gen. Hosp. Path. Rep.
(1876-77), 1878, i, 44.

Passage of two feet of the ileum through a loop attached to the
sigmoid flexure. Montreal Gen. Hosp. Path. Rep. (1876-77),
1878, i, 45.

Round ulcer of duodenum. Montreal Gen. Hosp. Path. Rep. (1876-
77), 1878, i, 45-46.

Perforation of typhoid ulcer during convalescence, owing to an
indiscretion in diet. Montreal Gen. Hosp. Path. Rep. (1876-
77), 1878, i, 46.

Perforation of a deep ulcer at end of second week. Montreal Gen.
Hosp. Path. Rep. (1876-77), 1875, i, 46-47.

Typhoid fever. Perforation. Peritonitis. Montreal Gen. Hosp.
Path. Rep. (1876-77), 1878, i, 47.

Four round ulcers in the ileum. Peyer's patches not generally in-
volved. Slight hypostatic pneumonia. Montreal Gen. Hosp.
Path. Rep. (1876-77), 1878, i, 48.

Slight swelling of Peyer's glands, only one small spot of ulceration.
Montreal Gen. Hosp. Path. Rep. (1876-77), 1878, i, 48.

Round ulcer of caecum, perforation, general peritonitis. Montreal
Gen. Hosp. Path. Rep. (1876-77), 1878, i, 49.

Abscesses in the mesentery. Suppuration of portal vein. Empyema.
Perforation of appendix, general peritonitis. Montreal Gen.
Hosp. Path. Rep. (1876-77), 1878, i, 51.

Acute tubercular inflammation of the peritoneum. Small caseous
mass in left lung. Right-sided pleurisy. General hyperplasia
of the bone marrow. Montreal Gen. Hosp. Path. Rep. (1876-
77), 1878, i, 52-56.

Cirrhosis of liver, with enlargement; jaundice; no ascites; delir-
ium tremens (?) : erysipelas of the head. Montreal Gen. Hosp.
Path. Rep. (1876-77), 1878, i, 56-60.
Also: Canada M. & S. J., Montreal, 1877-78, vi, 249-253.

Syphilitic ulceration of left frontal bone; large node on left tibia;
gummata in liver. Montreal Gen. Hosp. Path. Rep. (1876-77),
1878, i, 60-61.
Also: Canada M. & S. J., Montreal, 1877-78, vi, 253.

Primary cancer of the liver; ascites; jaundice; secondary mass in
tail of pancreas; small secondary nodules in kidneys. Mon-
treal Gen. Hosp. Path. Rep. (1876-77), 1878, i, 61-64.
Also: Canada M. & S. J., Montreal, 1877-78, vi, 254-256.

126 Sir William Osler, Bart.

Cancer of neck of the gall-bladder and lymphatic glands in the
portal fissure; compression of the hepatic ducts; secondary
masses in liver; enormous distension of gall-bladder, and
haemorrhage into it; gall-stones. Montreal Gen. Hosp. Path.
Rep. (1876-77), 1878, i, 64-65.

Extensive abscesses in the mesentery, following typhoid fever.
Suppuration of the portal vein and its branches in the liver.
Empyema. Perforation of the appendix vermiformis; peri-
tonitis; miliary tubercles in lungs. Amyloid degeneration of
spleen, liver, and mucous membrane of small intestine. Mon-
treal Gen. Hosp. Path. Rep. (1876-77), 1878, i, 65-71.

Tuberculous disease of right kidney, pelvis, ureter and bladder.
Tubercles in left kidney and lungs. Perforation of tuberculous
ulcer in bladder. Peritonitis. Montreal Gen. Hosp. Path. Rep.
(1876-77), 1878, i, 72-73.

Old scrofulous disease of right kidney, which is converted into
cysts. Recent affection of the left. Montreal Gen. Hosp. Path.
Rep. (1876-77), 1878, i, 73-74.

Old disease of the right kidney, which is converted into five or six
cysts, filled with a putty-like material. Extensive tuberculous
disease of the organ. Miliary tubercles in lungs. Albuminoid
spleen. Montreal Gen. Hosp. Path. Rep. (1876-77), 1878, i,
74-75.

Suppuration about right kidney. Pyasmic abscesses in elbows,
ankles and anterior mediastinum. Peritonitis. Pleurisy.
Montreal Gen. Hosp. Path. Rep. (1876-77), 1878, i, 75-76.

Stone in the bladder. Prostatic tumors around the urethral orifice.
Ulceration on mucous membrane. Pyelitis; ulceration of
apices of renal pyramids. Montreal Gen. Hosp. Path. Rep.
(1876-77), 1878, i, 76-77.

Epithelioma of cervix; obstruction of the canal; dilatation of the
uterine cavitv. Pvometra. Montreal Gen. Hosp. Path. Rep.
(1876-77), 1878. i, 77-78.

Dermoid or piliferous cyst of right ovary. Chronic phthisis.
Pneumothorax. Montreal Gen. Hosp. Path. Rep. (1876-77),
1878, i, 78-79.

Small cavity and caseous masses in lung. General tuberculosis.
Meninges of brain unaffected; central softening. Spinal men-
inges extensively involved. Montreal Gen. Hosp. Path. Rep.
(1876-77), 1878, i, 79-81.

Meningeal affection slight. Ventricles distended, walls soft. Very
few miliarv tubercles in the organs. Montreal Gen. Hosp.
Path. Rep. (1876-77), 1878, i, 81-82.

Meningeal affection very extensive on the cortex, slight at the base.
Ventricles large, walls not soft. Large caseous mass in left
lung. Miliarv tubercles in lungs and on peritoneum. Mon-
treal Gen. Hosp. Path. Rep. (1876-77), 1878, i, 82-83.

Slight meningeal inflammation. One caseous mass and a few
tubercles in lungs. Old morbus coxa?. Montreal Gen. Hosp.
Path. Rep. (1876-77), 1878, i, 84.

Bibliography 127

Profound anaemia without discoverable lesion. Fatty degeneration
of organs. Hyperplasia of bone-marrow. Montreal Gen. Hosp.
Path. Rep. (1876-77), 1878, i, 84-97.

Ueber die Entwickelung von Blutkbrperchen im Knochenmark bei
pernicioser Anamie. [Berlin, 1878, L. Schumacher.] Cen-
tralbl. f. d. med. Wissensch., Berl., 1878, xvi, 465-467.
In his: Published Mem. & Communicat, Montreal, 1882, 8°.
[Collect, repr., 1872-82, i, no. 21.]

Osier, W., and Ross, G.: Aneurism of hepatic artery; multiple
abscesses of the liver. Canada M. & S. J., Montreal, 1877-78,
vi, 1-12.
In his: Collect, repr., 1872-82, i, no. 13.

1879

Case of obliteration of vena cava inferior, with great stenosis of
orifices of hepatic veins. J. Anat. & Physiol., Lond., 1878-79,
xiii, 291-304.
In his: Collect, repr., 1872-82, i, no. 24.

Two cases of rare kidney tumors. Canada M. Rec, Montreal, 1879,
vii, 164.

Miner's phthisis (Rep. by R. Dawson). Canada M. & S. J., Mon-
treal, 1878-79, vii, 452-454.
Also: Montreal Gen. Hosp. Rep., 1880, i, 297-299.

Acute Bright's disease in a child; remarkable persistence of blood-
corpuscles and casts in the urine after disappearance of
albumin. (Rep. by A. Henderson.) Canada M. & S. J., Mon-
treal, 1878-79, vii, 455.

Aphasia, with right-sided homiplegia, coming on fifteen days after
delivery. [Rep. by D. Mignault.] Canada M. & S. J., Montreal.
1878-79, vii, 492-493.

Acute rheumatism treated with salicylate of soda. Delirium ap-
parently caused by the remedy. [Rep. by B. E. Mackenzie.]
Canada M. & S. J., Montreal, 1878-79, vii, 493-494.

Cohnheim's theory of tumors. Transl. and condensed from vol. I
of his Vorlesungen iiber allgemeine Pathologie (Lectures upon
general pathology). By Dr. Osier. Canada M. & S. J., Mon-
treal, 1878-79, vii, 337-347; 398-408.

1880

Concussion of brain; temporary hemiplegia; general convulsions;
rapid recovery. [Rep. by Imrie.] Canada M. & S. J., Montreal.
1879-80, viii, 8.

Aggravated stuttering, following fall on the head. Canada M. &
S. J., Montreal, 1879-80, viii, 9.

Extreme irregularitv of the heart. TRep. by E. J. Rogers.] Canada
M. & S. J., Montreal, 1879-80, viii, 9.

Chronic pleurisv: flattening of sides of chest. Canada M. & S. J.,
Montreal, 1879-80, viii, 109-111.
9

128 Sir William Osler, Bart.

Croup or diphtheria; which? Canada M. & S. J., Montreal, 1879-80,
viii, 207-211.
In his: Collect, repr., 1872-82, i, no. 23.

Three cases of brain disease. Canada M. & S. J., Montreal, 1S79-80,
viii, 295; 346.

Anomalous case of pyaemia; suppuration about tissues in left
inferior carotid triangle; pyemic abscess beneath tensor
vagina? femoris; pyamiic infarcts in the lungs; septic pleurisy.
Canada M. & S. J., Montreal, 1879-80, viii, 544-548.

Catalogue of a series of specimens illustrative of the morbid
anatomy of the brain and spinal cord. Exhibited at Ottawa
Meeting of Canada Medical Association, Sept. 1 and 2, 1880.

Case of congenital and progressive hypertrophy of the right upper
extremity. J. Anat. & Physiol., Lond., 1879-80, xiv, 10-12.
In his: Collect, repr., 1872-S2, i, no. 25.

Two cases of striated myo-sarcoma of the kidnev. J. Anat &
Physiol., Lond., 1879-80, xiv, 229-233.
In his: Collect, repr., 1872-82, i, no. 26.

Cases of cardiac abnormalities. Montreal Gen. Hosp. Rep., 1880, i,
177-192.
In his: Collect, repr., 1872-82, i, no. 27.

On the condition of fusion of two segments of the semilunar valves.
Montreal Gen. Hosp. Rep., 1880, i, 233-242.
In his: Collect, repr., 1872-82, i, no. 28.

Wound of the central part of the 1st and 2d frontal convolutions
on left side. Montreal Gen. Hosp. Rep., 1880, i, 257-258.

Bullet wound of right frontal lobe; entire absence of cerebral
symptoms. Montreal Gen. Hosp. Rep., 1880, i, 258-260.

Cases of aneurism of the aorta. Montreal Gen. Hosp. Rep., 1880, i,
260-265.

Aneurism of innominate-rupture of saccular dilatation of aorta
into pericardium. Montreal Gen. Hosp. Rep., 1880, i, 265-266.

Aneurism of splenic artery; perforation into transverse colon.
Montreal Gen. Hosp. Rep., 1880, i, 266-268.

Small aneurism of renal artery. Montreal Gen. Hosp. Rep., 1880, i.
268.

Four cases of intracranial aneurism. Montreal Gen. Hosp. Rep.,
1880, i, 268-275.

Aneurisms of branches of pulmonary artery on wall of cavities;
haemoptysis in chronic phthisis. Montreal Gen. Hosp. Rep.,

1880, i, 275-276.

Two cases of hypertrophy of the heart. Montreal Gen. Hosp. Rep.,
1880, i, 276-2S2.

Perforation of pulmonary artery by ulcer of left bronchus; sudden
death from haemoptysis; chronic bronchitis, emphysema,
phthisis. Montreal Gen. Hosp. Rep., 1880, i, 282-283.

Instance of four pulmonary valves. Montreal Gen. Hosp. Rep.,
1880, i, 284.

Bibliography 129

Bayonet wound of left subclavian artery at its origin. Montreal
Gen. Hosp. Rep., 1880, i, 284.

Fatty degeneration of heart in diphtheria; sudden death on the
thirteenth day. Montreal Gen. Hosp. Rep., 1880, i, 285.

Two cases of thrombosis of pulmonary artery. Montreal Gen.
Hosp. Rep., 1880, i, 285-287.

Thrombosis of branches of right pulmonary artery. Montreal Gen.
Hosp. Rep., 1880, i, 287-290.

(Edema of right lung; hydrothorax of left pleura: contracted
kidneys. Montreal Gen. Hosp. Rep., 1880, i, 290-291.

(Edema of left lung; morphia poisoning. Montreal Gen. Hosp.
Rep., 1880, i, 291-292.

Pneumonia; ulcerative endocarditis; meningitis. Montreal Gen.
Hosp. Rep., 1880, i, 292-295.

Pneumonic phthisis. Montreal Gen. Hosp. Rep., 1880, i, 295-297.

Note on the occurrence of membrane in the trachea and bronchi in
diphtheria. Montreal Gen. Hosp. Rep., 1880, i, 299-300.

Foreign body in oesophagus; ulceration; perforation; retro-pharyn-
geal and oesophageal abscess. Montreal Gen. Hosp. Rep., 1880,
i, 300-301.

Three cases of cancer of the stomach. Montreal Gen. Hosp. Rep.,
1880, i, 301-302.

Three cases of ulcer of the stomach. Montreal Gen. Hosp. Rep.,
1880, i, 304-306.

Three cases of simple ulcer of duodenum. Montreal Gen. Hosp.
Rep., 1880, i, 306-311.

Typhoid fever; rapidly fatal, with nervous symptoms. Montreal
Gen. Hosp. Rep., 1880, i, 311-312.

Perforation of appendix vermiformis; circumscribed abscess; per-
foration of ileum; haemorrhage from bowels. Montreal Gen.
Hosp. Rep., 1880, i, 313-314.

Liver; hydatid cyst. Montreal Gen. Hosp. Rep., 1880, i, 314-316.

Primary cancer of liver. Montreal Gen. Hosp. Rep., 1880, i, 316-317.

Cirrhosis of liver; collateral circulation by means of an enlarged
umbilical vein; death from pneumonia. Montreal Gen. Hosp.
Rep., 1880, i, 317-318.

Pylephlebitis. Montreal Gen. Hosp. Rep., 1880, i, 318-321.

Extensive scald of thorax; pneumonia; numerous spots of fatty
degeneration in kidneys. Montreal Gen. Hosp. Rep., 1880, i,
321-322.

Small contracted kidneys; left organ affected to an unusual
degree; right onlv involved in the lower part; hypertrophy of
heart. Montreal Gen. Hosp. Rep., 1880, i, 322-324.

Large cirrhotic kidneys (congested); hypertrophy of heart;
apoplexy. Montreal Gen. Hosp. Rep., 1880, I, 324-325.

Sarcoma of left kidney. Montreal Gen. Hosp. Rep., 1880, i, 325-328.

130 Sir William Osler, Bart.

Dermoid of ovary; ulcerative colitis. Montreal Gen. Hosp. Rep.,
1880, i, 328-329.

Cancer of neck of uterus; constriction of right ureter; pyoneph-
rosis. Montreal Gen. Hosp. Rep., 1880, i, 329-331.

Ruptured follicle in right ovary; peritonitis. Montreal Gen. Hosp.
Rep., 1880, i, 331-333.

Extra-uterine (abdominal) pregnancy. Montreal Gen. Hosp. Rep.,
1880, i, 333-335.

Cryptorchidismus. Montreal Gen. Hosp. Rep., 1880, i, 335-336.

Medullary sarcoma of axillary glands; secondary masses in heart,
lungs, stomach, intestines, liver, spleen, kidneys, suprarenal
capsules, and pancreas. Montreal Gen. Hosp. Rep., 18S0, i,
336-339.

Sarcoma of retro-peritoneal glands; Lobstein cancer. Montreal
Gen. Hosp. Rep., 1880, i, 339-340.

Lympho-sarcoma of deep cervical glands, involving the thyroid and
simulating goitre. Montreal Gen. Hosp. Rep., 1880, i, 340-342.

On Giacomini's method of preserving the brain. Med. Rec, N. Y.,
1880, xvii, 315-316.

On the systolic brain murmur of children. Boston M. & S. J., 1880,
ciii, 29-30.
In his: Collect, repr., 1S72-82, i, no. 30.

On heredity in progressive muscular atrophy as illustrated in the
Farr family of Vermont. Arch. Med., N. Y., 1880, iv, 316-320.
In Ms: Collect, repr., 1872-82, i, no. 33.

On a remarkable heart-murmur, heard at a distance from chest-
wall. Med. Times & Gaz., Lond., 1880, ii, 432.
In Ms: Collect, repr., 1872-82, i, no. 34.

Lympho-sarcoma of deep cervical glands, involving the thyroid and
simulating goitre. Montreal Gen. Hosp. Rep., 1880, i, 340-342.

Montreal General Hospital. Pathological reports. 1. (1876-77); 2.
(1877-79), Montreal, 1878-80. (2. report repr. from: Mon-
treal Gen. Hosp. Rep., Clin. & Path., 1880, i.)
1 and 2 also in Ms: Published Mem. & Communicat., Montreal,

1882.
[Collect, repr., 1872-82, i, nos. 22 & 29.]

Catalogue of a series of specimens illustrative of the morbid anat-
omy of the brain and spinal cord. Exhibited at Ottawa meet-
ing of the Canada Medical Association, Sept. 1st and 2d, 1880.

Osier, W., ed. Montreal General Hospital. Reports, clinical and
pathological, by the medical staff, v. i, Montreal, 1880, Daw-
son Brothers, 390 p., 8°.

1881

On some points in the etiology and pathology of ulcerative endo-
carditis. Lond., 1881, J. W. Kolckmann, 8 p., 8°.
Tr. Internat. M. Cong., 7. sess., Lond.. 1881, i, 341-346.
In Ms: Collect, repr., 1882-92, ii, no. 44.

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Renal cirrhosis; with special reference to its latency and to sud-
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Canada Lancet, Toronto, 1880, xiii, 353-359.

In his: Collect, repr., 1872-82, i, no. 42.

On some of the effects of the chronic impaction of gallstones in the
bile-passages, and on the " fievre intermittente hepatique " of
Charcot. London, 1881, Pardon & Sons, 15 p., 12°.

Med. Times & Gaz., Lond., 1881, ii, 111-114.

In his: Collect, repr., 1872-82, i, no. 41.

Cases of insular sclerosis. Canada M. & S. J., Montreal, 1880-81, ix,
1-11.
In his: Collect, repr., 1872-82, i, no. 31.

Case of medullary neuroma of the brain. J. Anat. & Physiol.,
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In his: Collect, repr., 1872-82, i, no. 35.

Retro-peritoneal cancer. Canada M. & S. J., Montreal, 1880-81, ix,
161.

Brief description of the new physiological laboratory, McGill
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Cases of Hodgkin's disease. Canada M. & S. J., Montreal, 1880-81,
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In his: Collect, repr., 1872-82, i, no. 37.

Clinical lecture on a case of fibroid phthisis. Delivered at the
Montreal General Hospital in the summer session course,
May 10, 1881. Canada M. & S. J., Montreal, 1880-81, ix, 641-
650.
In his: Collect, repr., 1872-82, i, no. 40.

Notes on the second demonstration in the morbid anatomv course
in McGill College. Canad. J. M. Sc., Toronto, 1881, vi, 350-353.

On delayed resolution in pneumonia. Canada Lancet, Toronto,
1880-81, xiii, 99-103.
In his: Collect, repr., 1872-82, i, no. 32.

Clinical lecture on idiopathic or pernicious anaemia. Canad. J. M.
Sc, Toronto, 1881, vi, 135-141.
In his: Collect, repr., 1872-82, i, no. 39.

Infectious (so-called ulcerative) endocarditis. Arch. Med., N. Y.,
1881, v, 44-68.
In his: Collect, repr., 1872-82, no. 36.

Ulcerative endocarditis. Bull. N. York. Path. Soc, 1881, 2. s., i,

29-33.
Notes on intestinal diverticula. Ann. Anat. & Surg., Brooklyn,

N. Y., 1881, iv, 202-207.
In his: Collect, repr., 1872-82, i, no. 43.

1882

Published memoirs and communications. (To Jan. 1, 1882), Mon-
treal, 1882, 8°.

Collected reprints. First series, 1872-1882, Montreal, 1882, 8°.
[" Published memoirs and communications " the same as " Col-
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132 Sir William Osler, Bart.

Students' notes. Normal histology, for laboratory and class use.
Montreal, 1882, Dawson Bros.

Clinical remarks on cases of inherited syphilis. Canada M. & S. J.,
Montreal, 1881-82, x, 588-592.

Clinical remarks on leucocythemia. Canada M. & S. J., Montreal,
1881-82, x, 719-727.

On the brains of criminals. With a description of the brains of two
murderers. Canada M. & S. J., Montreal, 1881-82, x, 385-398.
In his: Collect, repr., 1882-92, ii, no. 45.

Case of obliteration of the portal vein (pylephlebitis adhesiva).
J. Anat. & Physiol., Lond., 1881-82, xvi, 208-216.
In his: Collect, repr., 1882-92, ii, no. 46.

Ueber den dritten Formbestandteil des Blutes. Centralbl. f. d.
med. Wissensch., Bert., 1882, xx, 529-531.
In his: Collect, repr., 1882-92, ii, no. 47.

Summer session clinics. No. 1. Cases of inherited syphilis. No. 2.
Acute Bright's disease. Nos. 3-4. Pneumonia. No. 5. Leucocy-
tiuemia. Montreal, 1882, 44 p., 8°.
In his: Collect, repr., 1882-92, ii, no. 48.

A clinical lecture on empyema and its antiseptic treatment. Med.
News, Phila., 1882, xli. 113-115.
In his: Collect, repr., 1882-92, ii, no. 50.

Ursemic delirium and coma at a very earlv stage of interstitial
nephritis. Arch. Med., N. Y., 1882, vii, 213-215.
In his: Collect, repr., 1882-92, ii, no. 51.

On certain parasites in the blood of the frog. Canad. Naturalist.
Montreal, 1882, x, 406-410.
In his: Collect, repr., 1882-92, ii, no. 52.

On Canadian fresh-water polyzoa. Canad. Naturalist, Montreal,
1882, x, 399-405.
In his: Collect, repr., 1882-92, ii, no. 53.

On echinococcus disease in America. Am. J. M. Sc, Phila., 1882,
n. s., lxxxiv, 475-480.
In his: Collect, repr., 1882-92, ii, no. 62.

Atheromatous plate and ulcers on arch of aorta. Med. News,
Phila., 1882, xl, 249.

Atheromatous abscess and aneurism of the right iliac artery; gen-
eral atheroma. Med. News, Phila., 1882, xl, 250.

Fatty diarrhoea. Med. News, Phila., 1882, xli, 580.

Tapping the gall-biadder. Med. News, Phila., 1882, xli, 580.

Haematemesis in chronic enlargement of the spleen. Med. News,
Phila., 1882, xli, 581.

Notes on cells containing red blood corpuscles. Lancet, Lond.,
1882, i, 181.

1883

Cancer of ascending colon; extensive secondary growths in liver.
Canada M. & S. J., Montreal, 1882-83, xi, 28.

Obstinate quotidian ague. Canada M. & S. J., Montreal, 1882-83, xi,
29.

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Also: Canada M. Rec, Montreal, 1882-83, xi, 30.

Erosion of internal carotid in cavernous sinus six weeks after
a blow on the head; fatal haemorrhage from the nose. Canada
M. & S. J., Montreal, 1882-83, xi, 357.

Case for localization. (Proc. Medico-Chir. Soc. of Montreal, April
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Aneurism of anterior communicating artery. Canada M. Rec,
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Empyema discharging through lung; recovery. Canada M. Rec,
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Aneurism of the anterior cerebral artery. Canada M. Rec, Mon-
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Clinical remarks on a case of Hodgkin's disease. Canada M. & S. J.,
Montreal, 1882-83, xi, 712-717.
In his: Collect, repr., 1882-92, ii, no. 55.

Preataxic tabes dorsalis. A clinical lecture delivered during the
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In his: Collect, repr., 1882-92, ii, no. 56.

The third corpuscle of the blood. Med. News, Phila., 1883, xliii,
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On some natural modes of cure in empyema. A clinical lecture
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In his: Collect, repr., 1882-92, ii, no. 58.

Report on the brains of Richards and O'Rourke. Canada M. &
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Secondary myeloid disease of pleura and lung. Illust. M. & S.,
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Clinical remarks on the nephritis of pregnancy. Canad. Pract.,
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Thrombosis and embolism of the superior mesenteric artery. Med.
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Scirrhus of pancreas; secondary colloid of lungs. Med. News,
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Osier, W., and Clement, A. W. Cestode tuberculosis. A successful
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134 Sir William Osler, Bart.

1884

Ovarian cysts in an infant. Canada M. Rec, Montreal, 1883-84,
xii, 52.

Fibro-glionia of upper end of ascending frontal gyrus; Jacksonian
epilepsy of fourteen years' standing; the leg-centre. Canada
M. Rec, Montreal, 1883-84, xii, 82.

Aneurism of aorta; rupture into left bronchus. Canada M. Rec,
Montreal, 1883-84, xii, 98.

Cases of dysentery. Canada M. & S. J., 1883-84, xii, 330-333.
Syphilitic caries of inner table of skull; great thickening of
calvaria; compression and deformity of the brain. Med. News,
Phila., 1884, xliv, 25.
Also: Canada M. & S. J., Montreal, 1883-84, xii, 351.
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1885

Remarks on clinical cases. Canada M. & S. J., Montreal, 1884-S5,
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A contribution to Jacksonian epilepsy and the situation of the leg
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The Gulstonian lectures on malignant endocarditis. Delivered at
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Also: Med. News, Phila., 1885, xlvi, 309-313; 337; 365.
In his: Collect, repr., 1882-92, ii, no. 63.

Notes on the morbid anatomv of pneumonia. Canada M. & S. J.,
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In his: Collect, repr., 1882-92, ii, no. 64.

Notes on the morbid anatomy of tvphoid fever. Canada M. & S. J.,
Montreal, 1885-86, xiv, 7-26.
In his: Collect, repr., 1882-92, ii, no. 65.

Diseases of the substance of the heart. In: Syst. Pract. M. (Pep-
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In his: Collect, repr., 1882-92. ii, no. 66.

Diseases of the blood and blood-glandular system. In: Syst. Pract.
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In his: Collect, repr., 1882-92, ii, no. 67.

The growth of a profession. Canada M. & S. J., Montreal, 1885-86,
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Also: Med. News, Phila., 1885, xlvii, 337-345.
Also: Canada Lancet, Toronto, 1885-86, xviii, 65-69.
In his: Collect, repr., 1882-92, ii, no. 68.

Specimen of aneurism of the aorta with rupture into the trachea in
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1886

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Austin Flint. Remarks to the class in clinical medicine, Uni-
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thrombotic and hemorrhagic changes. Med. News, Phila.,
1886, xlviii, 263.
In his: Collect, repr., 1882-92, ii, no. 69.

Spindle-celled sarcoma of the retro-peritoneum with extensive
thrombotic degeneration. N. York M. J., 1886, xliii, 136.

Also: Maryland M. J., Bait, 1885-86, xiv, 269-271.

Also: Semi-Month. J. Proc. Path. Soc, Phila., Wilmington, 1886,
i, 3.

Cartwright lectures. Delivered before the Association of Physi-
cians and Surgeons, New York, March 23, 27, 30, 1886. On
certain problems of the blood corpuscles. 1. The blood plaque
or third corpuscle. 2. Degeneration and regeneration of the
corpuscles. 3. The relation of the corpuscles to coagulation.
Phila., 1886, 55 p., 8°.

Also: Med. News, Phila., 1886, xlviii, 365; 393; 421.

Also: Med. Rec, N. Y., 1886, xxix, 377; 405; 433.

Also: N. York M. J., 1886, xliii, 341; 369; 397.

In his: Collect, repr., 1882-92, ii, no. 71.

Abstracts of the Cartwright lectures on certain problems in the
physiology of the blood corpuscles. Brit. M. J., Lond., 1886, i,
807; 861.

The bicuspid condition of the aortic valves. Tr. Ass. Am. Physi-
cians, Phila., 1886, i, 185-192.
In his: Collect, repr., 1882-92, ii, no. 72.

On the use of arsenic in certain forms of anaemia. Detroit, 1886,
G. S. Davis, 14 p., 8°.
Also: Therap. Gaz., Detroit, 1886, 3. s., ii, 741-746.
Also: Coll. & Clin. Rec, Phila., 1886, vii, 231-233.
In his: Collect, repr., 1882-92, ii, no. 73.

Embolism of right middle cerebral artery; chronic nephritis. Med.
News, Phila., 1886, xlix, 554.

On the treatment of pleurisy with effusion by Hay's method.
[Abstr.] Med. News, Phila., 1886, xlix, 645.

Pyopneumo-thorax subphrenicus. Semi-Month. J. Proc. Path. Soc,
Phila., Wilmington, 1886, i, 5.

The relation of the corpuscles to coagulation and thrombosis. Brit.
M. J., Lond., 1886, i, 917-919.

136 Sir William Osler, Bart.

Osier, W., and Henry F. P. Atrophy of the stomach, with the
clinical features of progressive pernicious anaemia. Am. J. M.
Sc., Phila., 1886, n. s., xci, 498-511.
In his: Collect, repr., 1882-92, ii, no. 70.

Osier, W., and Hughes, W. Hsemorrhagic pancreatitis with
swelling of semilunar ganglia and pacchionian corpuscles.
Semi-Month. J. Proc. Soc, Phila., Wilmington, 1886, i, 7.

1887

Extracts from Pathological Society of Philadelphia, 1885-1887, xii-
xiii, Philadelphia [1887], 69 p., 8°.

Duodenal ulcer; clinical and anatomical considerations based on
nine cases. Canada M. & S. J., Montreal, 1886-87, xv, 449-461.
In his: Collect, repr., 1882-92, ii, no. 74.

The irritable heart of civil life. (Proc. Toronto Med. Soc, April
14, 1887.) Canada M. & S. J., Montreal 1886-87, xv, 617-619.

An address on the hamiatozoa of malaria. Brit. M. J., Lond., 1887,
i, 556-562.
In his: Collect, repr., 1882-92, ii, no. 76.

Antifebrin. Therap. Gaz., Detroit, 1887, 3. s., iii, 163-167.
In his: Collect, repr., 1882-92, ii, no. 77.

The cardiac relations of chorea. Am. J. M. Sc, Phila., 1887, n. s.,
xciv, 371-386.
In his: Collect, repr., 1882-92, ii, no. 78.

Notes on haemorrhagic infarction. Boston M. & S. J., 1887, cxvii,
325-328.
Also: Tr. Ass. Am. Phvsicians, Phila., 1887, ii, 133-141.
In his: Collect, repr., 1882-92, ii, no. 79.

On the general etiology and symptoms of chorea, based on the
records of 410 cases at the Infirmary for Nervous Diseases,
Philadelphia. Med. News, Phila., 1887, li, 437; 465.
In his: Collect, repr., 1882-92, ii, no. 80.

Case of cholesteatoma of floor of third ventricle and of the in-
fundibulum. J. Nerv. & Ment. Dis., N. Y., 1887, xiv, 657-673.
In his: Collect, repr., 1882-92, ii, no. 81.

3 888

Hereditarv angio-neurotic oedema. Am. J. M. Sc, Phila., 1888, n. s.,
xcv, 362-367.
In his: Collect, repr., 1882-92, ii, no. S2.

Note on nitro-glycerine in epilepsy. J. Nerv. & Ment. Dis., N. Y.,
1888, n. s., xiii, 38-39.
In his: Collect, repr., 1882-92, ii, no. 83.

The diagnosis of small-pox. Med. Standard, Chicago, 1888, iii, 97.
In his: Collect, repr., 1882-92, ii. no. 84.

Glioma of the medulla oblongata. J. Nerv. & Ment. Dis., N. Y., 1888,
n. s., xiii, 172-176.
In his: Collect, repr., 1882-92, ii, no. 85.

Bibliography 137

The cerebral palsies of children. Med. News, Phila., 1888, liii, 29;
57; 85; 113; 141.
In his: Collect, repr., 1882-92, ii, no. 86.

Cases of diseases of the appendix and caecum. Med. & Surg. Re-
porter, Phila., 1888, lix, 419-422.
In his: Collect, repr., 1882-92, ii, no. 87.

Puerperal anaemia, and its treatment with arsenic. Boston M. &
S. J., 1888, cxix, 454.
Also: North Car. M. J., Wilmington, 1888, xxii, 359-363.
In his: Collect, repr., 1882-92, ii, no. 88.

On the diagnosis of duodenal ulcer. Med. Rec, N. Y., 1888, xxxiv.
609-610.
In his: Collect, repr., 1882-92, ii, no. 89.

Note on pachymeningitis hemorrhagica. J. Nerv. & Ment. Dis.,
N. Y., 1888, n. s., xiii, 608-612.
Also: Med. News, Phila., 1888, liii, 563-565.
In his: Collect, repr., 1882-92, ii, no. 90.

On lesions of the conus medullaris and cauda equina, and on the
situation of the ano-vesical centre in man. Med. News, Phila.,
1888, liii, 669-671.
In his: Collect, repr., 1882-92, ii, no. 91.

On a form of purpura associated with articular, gastro-intestinal,
and renal symptoms. N. York M. J., 1888, xlviii, 675-677.
In his: Collect, repr., 1882-92, ii, no. 92.

Notes and comments. Canada M. & S. J., Montreal, 1887-88, xvi,
189; 316; 375; 445; 508; 573; 732.

An accouchement in a railway closet. Canada M. & S. J., Montreal,
1888, xvi, 377.
Also: Med. Rec, N. Y., 18SS, xxxiii, 97.

Note on a case of Friedreich's ataxia, with exhibition of patient.
Tr. Coll. Physicians, Phila., 1S88, 3. s., x, 277-278.

Pulsating pleurisy. Tr. Ass. Am. Physicians, Phila., 1888, iii, 330-
338.
Also: Am. J. M. Sc, Phila., 1889, n. s., xcvii, 43-50.
In his: Collect, repr., 1882-92, ii, no. 95.

Enlargement and congestion of the right arm following exercise of
its muscles. Med. News, Phila., 1888 lii, 330.
Also: J. Nerv. & Ment. Dis., N. Y., 1888, n. s., xiii, 246-248.

A case of local syncope and asphyxia of the fingers. J. Nerv. &
Ment. Dis., N. Y., 1888, n. s., xiii, 207-208.

1889

The cerebral palsies of children; a clinical study from the In-
firmary for Nervous Diseases, Philadelphia. Phila., 1889,
P. Blakiston, Son & Co., Ill p., 8°.

Aequanimitas. Valedictory remarks to the graduates in medicine
of the University of Pennsylvania, May 1, 1889. Phila., 18S9,
W. F. Fell & Co., 10 p., 8°.
In his: Collect, repr., 1882-92, ii, no. 97.

138 Sir William Osler, Bart.

The mortality of pneumonia. Phila., 1889, 7 p., 8°.
Also: Univ. M. Mag., Phila., 1888-89, i, 77-82.
In his: Collect, repr., 1882-92, ii, no. 93.

Two cases of ulcerative endocarditis. Univ. M. Mag., Phila., 1888-
89, i, 31-32.

The mortality in pneumonia. Univ. M. Mag., Phila., 1888-89, i, 225.

Cancer of the stomach, extreme mobility of tumor. Univ. M. Mag.,
Phila., 1888-89, i, 368-370.

On the conditions of the brain suitable for operative interference.
[Abstr.] Univ. M. Mag., Phila., 1888-89, i, 465-468.
Also: Canad. Pract., Toronto, 1889, xiv, 165-167.

On certain svmptoms of floating kidney. Montreal M. J., 1888-9,
xvii, 416-418.

The anatomical tubercle. Montreal M. J., 1888-9, xvii, 418.

Aortic aneurism; hemorrhage from the lungs. Phila. M. Times,
1888-9, xix, 223.

Typhlitis and appendicitis. Canada Lancet, Toronto, 1888-9, xxi,
193-196.

On phagocytes. An address before the Alumni Association of
Bellevue Hospital, New York, delivered April 3, 1889. Med.
News, Phila., 1889, liv, 393; 421.

Also: Med. Rec, N. Y., 1889, xxxv, 393-399.

Also: N. York M. J., 1889, xlix, 393-400.

In his: Collect, repr., 1882-92, ii, no. 94.

Annual address. The license to practice. J. Am. M. Ass., Chi-
cago, 1889, xii, 649-654.
Also: Maryland M. J., Bait, 1889, xxi, 61-67.
Also: Tr. M. & Chir., Fac. Maryland, Bait., 1889, 70-82.
In his: Collect, repr., 1882-92, ii, no. 96.

Note on intrathoracic growths developing from the thyroid gland.
Med. News, Phila., 1889, lv, 257.
In his: Collect, repr., 1S82-92, ii, no. 98.

On a case of simple idiopathic muscular atrophy, involving the
face and the scapulo-humeral muscles. Am. J. M. Sc, Phila.,
1889, n. s., xcviii, 261-265.
In his: Collect, repr., 1882-92, ii, no. 99.

Case of syphiloma of the cord of the cauda equina; death from
diffuse central myelitis. J. Nerv. & Ment. Dis., N. Y., 1889,
n. s., xiv, 499-507.
In his: Collect, repr., 1882-92, ii, no. 100.

Idiocy and feeble-mindedness in relation to infantile hemiplegia;
a report of twenty-two cases at the Pennsylvania Institution
for Feeble-Minded Children. Alienist & Neurol., St. Louis,
1889, x, 16-23.

1890

On the value of Laveran's organisms in the diagnosis of malaria.
The Johns Hopkins Hosp. Bull., Bait., 18S9-90, i, II.
In his: Collect, repr., 1882-92, ii, no. 101.

Bibliography 139

On fever of hepatic origin, particularly the intermittent pyrexia
associated with gallstones. Johns Hopkins Hosp. Rep., Bait.,
1890, ii, 3-31.
In his: Collect, repr., 1882-92, ii, no. 102.

Cases of post-febrile insanity. Johns Hopkins Hosp. Rep., Bait.,
1890, ii, 46-50.
In his: Collect, repr., 1882-92, ii, no. 103.

Rare forms of cardiac thrombi. Johns Hopkins Hosp. Rep., Bait.,
1890, ii, 56-61.
In his: Collect, repr., 1882-92, ii, no. 104.

Note on endocarditis in phthisis. Johns Hopkins Hosp. Rep.,
Bait., 1890, ii, 62-64.
In his: Collect, repr., 1S82-92, ii, no. 105.

Tubercular peritonitis; general considerations; tubercular ab-
dominal tumors; curability. Johns Hopkins Hosp. Rep., Bait.,
1890, ii, 67-113.
In his: Collect, repr., 1882-92, ii, no. 106.

Acute nephritis in typhoid fever. Johns Hopkins Hosp. Rep.,
Bait, 1890, ii, 119-128.
In his: Collect, repr., 1882-92, ii, no. 107.

On the amoeba coli in dysentery and in dysenteric liver abscess.
Johns Hopkins Hosp. Bull., Bait., 1889-90, i, 53-54.
In his: Collect, repr., 1882-92, ii, no. 108.

On the form of convulsive tic, associated with coprolalia, etc.
Med. News, Phila., 1890, Ivii, 645-647.
In his: Collect, repr., 1882-92, ii, no. 109.

On the symptoms of chronic obstruction of the common bile-duct
by gallstones. Ann. Surg., St. Louis, 1890, xi, 161-185.

Ueber die in Dysenterie und dysenterischen Leberabscess vor-
handene Amoeba. Centralbl. f. Bacteriol. u. Parasitenkr.,
Jena., 1890, vii, 736-737.

Multiple tbrombi-multiplo gangrene. (Proc. Johns Hopkins Hosp.
Med. Soc, Oct. 22, 1889.) Johns Hopkins Hosp. Bull., Bait.,
1889-90, i, 12.

Fatal hemorrhage into a large bronchocele. (Proc. Jobns Hop-
kins Hosp. Med. Soc, Nov. 18, 1889.) Johns Hopkins Hosp.
Bull., Bait, 1889-90, i, 23.

Congenital heart disease. (Proc. Johns Hopkins Hosp. Med. Soc,
Dec. 2, 1889.) Johns Hopkins Hosp. Bull., Bait, 1889-90, i, 34.

Filaria sanguinis hominis. (Proc. Johns Hopkins Hosp. Med.
Soc, Jan. 6, 1890.) Johns Hopkins Hosp. Bull., Bait, 1889-90,
i, 48.

Weir Mitchell. Remarks on the occasion of the presentation to
the College of Phvsicians, Phila., of the portrait of Dr. S. Weir
Mitchell, April 22, 1890. Johns Hopkins Hosp. Bull., Bait.,
1889-90, i, 64.

Aortic insufficiencv. (Proc. Johns Hopkins Hosp. Med. Soc, Oct.
20, 1890.) Johns Hopkins Hosp. Bull., Bait., 1889-90, i, 109.

140 Sir William Osler, Bart.

Hereditary chorea. (Proc. Johns Hopkins Hosp. Med. Soc, Oct.
20, 1890.) Johns Hopkins Hosp. Bull., Bait., 1889-90, i, 110.
In his: Collect, repr., 1882-92, ii, no. 114.

General bronchiectasis of left lung, foetid bronchitis; incision
of cavity; death. (Proc. Johns Hopkins Hosp. Med. Soc,
Oct. 20, 1890.) Johns Hopkins Hosp. Bull., Bait., 1889-90, i,
109.
In his: Collect, repr., 1882-92, ii, no. 115.

1891

A case of sensory aphasia; word-blindness with hemianopsia. Am.
J. M. Sc, Phila.. 1891, n. s., ci, 219-224.
In his: Collect, repr., 1882-92, ii, no. 110.

Rudolf Virchow; the man and the student. Boston M. & S. J.,
1891, cxxv, 425-427.
Also: Johns Hopkins Univ. Circ, Bait., 1891, xi, 17-19.
In his: Collect, repr., 18S2-92, ii, no. 111.

Diagnosis of tuberculous broncho-pneumonia in children. Arch.
Pediat., Phila., 1891, viii, 825-829.
Also: Tr. Am. Pediat. Soc. (N. Y.), 1892, iii, 25-29.
In his: Collect, repr., 1882-92, no. 112.

Doctor and nurse; remarks to the first class of graduates from
the Training School for Nurses at The Johns Hopkins Hos-
pital. Bait., 1891, J. Murphy & Co., 11 p. 4°.
In his: Collect, repr., 1882-92, ii, no. 113.

Obstruction of the superior vena cava. (Proc. Johns Hopkins
Hosp. Med. Soc, Jan. 5, 1891.) Johns Hopkins Hosp. Bull.,
Bait., 1891, ii, 40.
In his: Collect, repr., 1882-92, ii, no. 116.

Case of multiple cysticerci. (Proc. Johns Hopkins Hosp. Med.
Soc, Feb. 2, 1891.) Johns Hopkins Hosp. Bull., Bait., 1891.
ii, 61.
In his: Collect, repr., 1882-92, ii, no. 117.

Disease of the coronary arteries; fibroid heart. Tr. Path. Soc.
Phila. (1887-9), 1891, xiv, 106-108.

Acute phthisis; erosion of a large branch of the pulmonary
artery; sudden fatal haemoptysis. Tr. Path. Soc. Phila.
(1887-9), 1891, xiv, 169.

The diagnosis of broncho-pneumonia (acute and chronic) from
tuberculosis. N. York M. J., 1891, liv, 666.

Report on the Koch treatment in tuberculosis. Johns Hopkins
Hosp. Bull., Bait., 1891, ii, 7-14.

Remarks on hysteria with paroxysmal inspiratory spasm. (Proc.
Johns Hopkins Hosp. Med. Soc, Nov. 17, 1890.) Johns Hop-
kins Hosp. Bull., Bait., 1891, ii, 18.

Two cases of pernicious malaria. (Proc. Johns Hopkins Hosp.
Med. Soc, Oct. 5, 1891.) Johns Hopkins Hosp. Bull., Bait..
1891, ii, 161-162.

Richard Lea MacDonnell (Obituary). N. York M. J., 1891, liv, 162.

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1892

The principles and practice of medicine. Designed for the use
of practitioners and students of medicine. New York, 1892,
D. Appleton & Co., 1079 p. 8°.

Teacher and student. An address delivered on the occasion of
the opening of the new building of the College of Medicine
and Surgery of the University of Minnesota. Minneapolis,
Oct. 4, 1892, Bait, 1892, J. Murphy & Co., 22 p. 8°.
In his: Collect, repr., 1882-92, ii, no. 123.

Collected reprints. Second series. (January 1, 1882-January 1,
1892.) [Bait., 1892.] 8°.

Remarks on specialism. Boston M. & S. J., 1892, cxxvi, 457-459.
Also: Med. News, Phila., 1892, lx, 542-544.
Also: Arch. Pediat, Phila., 1892, ix, 481-488.
In his: Collect, repr., 1882-92, ii, no. 118.

The healing of tuberculosis. Climatologist, Phila., 1892, ii, 149-
153.
In his: Collect, repr., 1892-7, iii, no. 119.

On the association of congenital wry-neck, with marked facial
asymmetry. Arch. Pediat., N. Y., 1892, ix, 81-85.
In his: Collect, repr., 1882-92, ii, no. 120.

Interstitial processes in the central nervous svstem. Tr. Cong.
Am. Phys. & Surg., 1891, N. Haven, 1892, ii", 144-146.
In his: Collect, repr., 1892-7, iii, no. 121.

The cold-bath treatment of typhoid fever. Med. News, Phila.,
1892, lxi, 628-631.
In his: Collect, repr., 1892-7, iii, no. 122.

Notes on the diagnosis and treatment of cholera. Med. News,
Phila., 1892, lxi, 290.

License to practice. Northwest-Lancet, St. Paul, 1892, xii, 383.

An acute myxedematous condition occurring in goitre. (Proc.
Johns Hopkins Hosp. Med. Soc, Dec. 7, 1891.) Johns Hop-
kins Hosp. Bull., Bait, 1892, iii, 42.

Chronic cerebro-spinal meningitis. (Proc. Johns Hopkins Hosp.
Med. Soc, Oct. 17, 1892.) Johns Hopkins Hosp. Bull., Bait.,
1892, iii, 119.

Localized pyo-pneumothorax. (Proc. Johns Hopkins Hosp. Med.
Soc, Oct. 17, 1892.) Johns Hopkins Hosp. Bull., Bait, 1892,
iii, 19.

1893

Note on arsenical neuritis following the use of Fowler's solution.
(V* 31 TT118.) Montreal M. J.. 1892-3, xxi, 721-724.
In his: Collect, repr., 1892-7, iii, no. 130.

Note on a remarkable house epidemic of tvphoid fever. Univ.
M. Mag., Phila., 1892-3, v, 522-524.
In his: Collect, repr., 1892-7, iii, no. 131.

Tuberculous pericarditis. Am. J. M. Sc, Phila , 1893, n. s., cv,
20-27.
In his: Collect, repr., 1892-7, iii, no. 124.

142 Sir William Osler, Bart.

On dilatation of the colon in young children. Arch. Pediat, N. Y.,

1893, x, 111-119.
Also: (Proc. Johns Hopkins Hosp. Med. Soc, Jan. 16, 1893.)

Johns Hopkins Hosp. Bull., Bait, 1893, iv, 41-43.
In his: Collect, repr., 1892-7, iii, no. 125.

Physic and physicians as depicted in Plato. Boston M. & S. J.,
1893, cxxviii, 129; 153.
In his: Collect, repr., 1892-7, iii, no. 126.

Case of arterio-venous aneurism of the axillary artery and vein
of fourteen years' duration. Ann. Surg., Phila., 1893, xvii,
37-40.
In his: Collect, repr., 1892-7, iii, no. 127.

The chronic intermittent fever of endocarditis. Practitioner,
Lond., 1S93, 1, 181-190.
In his: Collect, repr., 1892-7, iii, no. 128.

Remarks on the varieties of chronic chorea, and a report upon
two families of the hereditary form, with one autopsy.
J. Nerv. & Ment. Dis., N. Y., 1893, xx, 97-111.
In his: Collect, repr., 1892-7, iii, no. 129.

Cases of sub-phrenic abscess. Tr. Ass. Am. Physicians, Phila.,
1893, viii, 257-267.
Also: Canad. Pract, Toronto, 1893, xviii, 565-574.
In his: Collect, repr., 1892-7, iii, no. 132.

Shattuck lecture. Mass. Med. Soc, 1893. Tuberculous pleurisy.
Boston M. & S. J., 1893, cxxix, 53; 81; 109; 134.
Also: Med. Communicat. Mass. M. Soc, Boston, 1893, xvi, 49-112.
In his: Collect, repr., 1892-7, iii, no. 133.

Profound toxemia with slight tuberculous lesions. Med. News,
Phila., 1893, lxiii, 632.

Jean Martin Charcot, memorial notice. Johns Hopkins Hosp.
Bull., Bait., 1893, iv, 87-88.

On sporadic cretinism in America. Tr. Am. J. Am. Physicians,
Phila., 1893, viii, 380-398.
Also: Am. J. M. Sc, Phila., 1893, n. s., cvi, 503-518.
In his: Collect, repr., 1892-7, iii, no. 136.

Notes on tuberculosis in children. Arch. Pediat., N. Y., 1893,
x, 979-986.
In his: Collect, repr., 1892-7, iii, no. 137.

Hirt, Ludwig. The diseases of the nervous system. A text-book
for physicians and students. Transl. with permission of the
author by August Hoch, assisted by Frank R. Smith, with
an introduction by William Osier, N. Y., 1893. D. Appleton
& Co., 698 p. 8°.

1894

Lectures on the diagnosis of abdominal tumors, delivered to the
post-graduate class, Johns Hopkins University, 1893. New
York, 1894, D. Appleton & Co., 192 p, 8°.

Also: N. York M. J., 1894, lix, 129; 161; 193; 260; 385; 417;
481; 545; 577: lx, 65; 97.

7?i his: Collect, repr., 1892-7, iii, no. 146.

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& Co., 1894, 125 p. 8°.
In his: Collect, repr., 1892-7, iii, no. 149.

Tuberculosis.
In: Am. Text-Bk. Dis. Child. (Starr), Phila., 1894, 94-126.
In his: Collect, repr., 1892-7, iii, no. 134.

Diseases of the blood.
In: Text-book Theory & Pract. Med. (Pepper), Phila., 1894, ii,

182-233.
In his: Collect, repr., 1892-7, iii, no. 135.

Diseases of the suprarenal capsules and ductless glands.
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Toxaemia in tuberculosis. Practitioner, Lond., 1894, Iii, 26-30.
In his: Collect, repr., 1892-7, iii, no. 138.

Parotitis in pneumonia. Case of pericarditis treated by incision
and drainage. Univ. M. Mag., Phila., 1893-4, vi, 245-249.
In his: Collect, repr., 1892-7, iii, no. 139.

The army surgeon. An address delivered at the closing exer-
cises of the Army Medical School, Washington, D. C, Feb. 28,
1894. Med. News, Phila., 1894, lxiv, 318-322.
In his: Collect, repr., 1892-7, iii, no. 147.

The leaven of science. An address delivered at the opening of
the Wistar Institute of Anatomy and Biology of the Univer-
sity of Pennsylvania, May 21, 1894. Univ. M. Mag., Phila.,
1893-4, vi, 573-586.
In his: Collect, repr., 1892-7, iii, no. 148.

Oliver Wendell Holmes. Johns Hopkins Hosp. Bull., Bait., 1894,
v, 85-88.
In his: Collect, repr., 1892-7, iii, no. 150.

The heart in chorea minor. Med. Chron., Manchester, 1894, n. s.,
i, 321-332.

Clinical remarks on a case of typhoid fever, complicated with
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The registration of pulmonary tuberculosis. Phila. Polvclin.,

1894, iii, 65.

Case of hereditary chorea. (Proc. Johns Hopkins Hosp. Med.
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1895

The principles and practice of medicine. Designed for the use
of practitioners and students of medicine. 2. ed. New York,

1895, D. Appleton & Co., 1143 p. 8°.

Report on typhoid fever. I. General analysis and summary of
the cases. II. Treatment of typhoid fever. III. A study of
the fatal cases. IV. Notes on special features, symptoms
and complications. Johns Hopkins Hosp. Rep., Bait., 1894-5,
iv, 1-72.
In his: Collect, repr., 1892-7, iii, nos. 140-143.

10

144 Sir William Osler, Bart.

On the neurosis following enteric fever, known as " the typhoid
spine." Johns Hopkins Hosp. Rep., 1894-5, iv, 73-82.
Also: Am. J. M. Sc., Phila., 1894, n. s., cvii, 23-30.
In his: Collect, repr., 1892-7, iii, no. 144.

Typhoid fever in Baltimore. Johns Hopkins Hosp. Rep., Bait.,
1894-5, iv, 159-167.
In his: Collect, repr., 1892-7, iii, no. 145.

Introductory remarks to course of clinical demonstrations on
typhoid fever. Maryland M. J., Bait, 1894-5, xxxii, 79-82.
In his: Collect, repr., 1892-7, iii, no. 151.

Cancer of the stomach with very rapid course. Univ. M. Mag.,
Phila., 1894-5, vii, 248-252.
In his: Collect, repr., 1892-7, iii, no. 152.

Teaching and thinking; the two functions of a medical school.
Montreal M. J., 1894-5, xxiii, 561-572.
In his: Collect, repr., 1892-7, iii, no. 153.

Case of sporadic cretinism (infantile myxcedema) treated success-
fully with thyroid extract. Arch. Pediat, N. Y., 1895, xii,
105-108.
In his: Collect, repr., 1892-7, iii, no. 154.

Diseases, the direct or indirect result of infection. Text-book
Nerv. Dis. Am. Authors (Dercum), Phila., 1895, 203-226.
In his: Collect, repr., 1892-7, iii, no. 157.

Studies in typhoid fever: Five years' experience with the cold-
bath treatment. Johns Hopkins Hosp. Rep., Bait., 1895, v,
321-326.

Also: Canada M. Rec, Montreal, 1895-6, xxiv, 56-60.

Also: Med. News, Phila., 1895, lxvii, 393-395.

Also: Canada Lancet, Toronto, 1895-6, xxviii, 261-263.

In his: Collect, repr., 1892-7, iii, no. 158.

Studies in typhoid fever: Analysis and summary of the cases;
special features, symptoms, and complications; a study of
the fatal cases. Johns Hopkins Hosp. Rep., Bait., 1895, v,
281; 283; 459.
In his: Collect, repr., 1892-7, iii, no. 159.

Neuritis during and after typhoid fever. Johns Hopkins Hosp.
Rep., Bait., 1895, v, 397-416.
In his: Collect, repr., 1S92-7, iii, no. 160.

Chills in typhoid fever. Johns Hopkins Hosp. Rep., Bait., 1895,
v, 445-457.
In his: Collect, repr., 1892-7, iii, no. 161.

The practical value of Laveran's discoveries. Med. News, Phila.,
1895, lxvii, 561-564.
In his: Collect, repr., 1892-7, iii, no. 162.

On the visceral complications of erythema exudativum multi-
forme. Am. J. M. Sc, Phila., 1895, n. s., ex, 629-646.
Also: Select essays and monog., Lond., 1897, 321-347. 8°.
In his: Collect, repr., 1892-7, iii, no. 163.

Case of cerebral hemorrhage in a foetus. Teratologia, Lond. &
Edinb., 1895, ii, 13.

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1895, vi, 143.

Abscess of the liver, perforating the lung. (Proc. Johns Hopkins
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1896

An Alabama student. Baltimore, Friedenwald Co., 1896, 19 p.
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Also: Johns Hopkins Hosp. Bull., Bait, 1896, vii, 6-11.
In his: Collect, repr., 1892-7, iii, no. 166.

Typhoid fever in country districts. Maryland M. J., Bait, 1895-6,
xxxiii, 55-62.
In his: Collect, repr., 1892-7, iii, no. 155.

Visible contractile tumor of the pylorus following ulcer of the
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In his: Collect, repr., 1892-7, iii, no. 156.

John Keats, the apothecary poet. Baltimore, Friedenwald Co.,

1896. 18 p. 12°.

Also: Johns Hopkins Hosp. Bull., Bait., 1896, vii, 11-16.
In his: Collect, repr., 1892-7, iii, no. 164.

Thomas Dover, M. D. (of Dover's powder), physician and buc-
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In his: Collect, repr., 1892-7, iii, no. 165.

Addison's disease. Med. Bull., Phila., 1896, xviii, 81-84.
In his: Collect, repr., 1892-7, iii, no. 168.

On the association of enormous heart hypertrophy, chronic pro-
liferative peritonitis and recurring ascites, with adherent
pericardium. Arch. Pediat, N. Y., 1896, xiii, 1-10.
In his: Collect, repr., 1892-7, iii, no. 169.

Hemiplegia in typhoid fever. J. Nerv. & Ment. Dis., N. Y., 1896,
n. s., xxi, 295-304.
In his: Collect, repr., 1S92-7, iii, no. 170.

Diseases of the blood and the ductless glands.

In: Am. Text-book Applied Therap., Phila., 1896, 902-927.
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The cerebral complications of Raynaud's disease. Am. J. M. Sc.,
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In his: Collect, repr., 1892-7, iii, no. 172.

Lectures on angina pectoris and allied states. N. York M. J.,
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In his: Collect, repr., 1892-7, iii, no. 173.

The study of the fevers of the South. J. Am. M. Sc, Chicago,
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Treatment of fevers. Maritime M. News, Halifax, 1896, viii,
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146 Sir William Osler, Bart.

Association of American Medical Colleges. Bull. Am. Acad. M.,
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Chills in typhoid fever. Univ. M. Mag., Phila., 1895-6, viii, 77-85.

Pleuro-peritoneal tuberculosis. (Proc. Johns Hopkins Hosp. Med.
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Case of Addison's disease; death during treatment with the
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Oct. 19, 1896.) Johns Hopkins Hosp. Bull., Bait., 1896, vii,
208-209.

Ephemerides, 1895:
I. Introduction.
II. Heberden's nodes.

III. Geographical tongue.

IV. Buccal leucoplacia.

V. Acute gout in the United States.
VI. Calcification of the auricle.
VII. Arthritis deformans in childhood.
VIII. Unusual types of night-terrors; day-terrors.
IX. Tobacco angina.
X. Unusually persistent oxyuris.
XI. Is the coin sound distinctive of pneumothorax?
XII. Head-swaying in children.

Montreal M. J., 1895-6, xxiv, 518; 631; 694; 777; 877; 969.

1897

Lectures on angina pectoris and allied states. New York, 1897,
D. Appleton & Co., 160 p. 8°.

Collected reprints. Third series. (January 1, 1892-January 1,
1897.) [Bait, 1897.]

On six cases of Addison's disease, with the report of a case greatly
benefited by the use of the suprarenal extract. Internat. M.
Mag.. Phila., 1896-7, v, 3-11.
In his: Collect, repr., 1892-7, iii, no. 167.

On the classification of the tics or habit movements. Arch.
Pediat., N. Y., 1897, xiv. 1-5.
In his: Collect, repr., 1897-1902, iv, no. 174.

On certain features in the prognosis of pneumonia. Am. J. M.
Sc, Phila., 1897, n. s., cxiii, 1-10.
Also: North Car. M. J., Wilmington, 1897, xxxix, 295-307.
In his: Collect, repr., 1897-1902, iv, no. 175.

Mitral stenosis; sudden death; ball thrombus in the left auricle.
Montreal M. J., 1896-7, xxv, 729-731.
In his: Collect, repr., 1897-1902, iv, no. 176.

The diagnosis of malarial fever. Med. News, N. Y., 1897, Ixx,
289-292.
In his: Collect, repr., 1897-1902, iv, no. 177.

On certain unusual forms of paresthetic meralgia. J. Nerv. &
Ment. Dis., N. Y., 1897, xxiv, 131-137.
In his: Collect, repr., 1897-1902, iv, no. 178.

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Maryland, Bait., 1897, 21-29.
In his: Collect, repr., 1897-1902, iv, no. 179.

A case of leprosy, with exhibition of patient. Maryland M. J.,
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Ephemerides, 1897:

XIII. Rheumatic neuritis associated with subcutaneous fibroid

nodules.

XIV. Bright's disease or myxcedema.

XV. Remarkable noisy expiration in chronic emphysema.

XVI. Chills and fevers in post-partum anaemia.

XVII. Lineae albicantes.

XVIII. Two cases of general bromidrosis.

XIX. Vertigo and ocular defects.

Montreal M. J., 1896-7, xxv, 642; 794; 890; 952.

A clinical lecture on the ball-valve gall-stone in the common duct.
Lancet, Lond., 1897, i, 1319-1323.
In his: Collect, repr., 1897-1902, iv, no. 180.

Nurse and patient. An address. Baltimore, 1897, J. Murphy &
Co., 17 p. 8°.
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Influence of Louis on American medicine. Johns Hopkins Hosp.
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In his: Collect, repr., 1897-1902, iv, no. 182.

British medicine in Greater Britain. The address in medicine
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ton M. & S. J., 1897, cxxxvii. 221-227.

Also: Med. News, N. Y., 1897, Ixxi, 293-301.

Also: Med. Rec, N. Y., 1897, lii, 333-340.

Also: Montreal M. J., 1897, xxvi, 186-203.

In his: Collect, repr., 1897-1902, iv, no. 183.

Hepatic complications of tvphoid fever. Tr. Assn. Am. Physicians,
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Internal medicine as a vocation. Med. News, N. Y., 1897, lxxi.
660-663.
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Pneumonia: A review of the cases studied by the third and
fourth classes. Johns Hopkins Hospital, session of 1896-97.
Nat. M. Rev., Wash., 1897-8. vii, 177-180.
In his: Collect, repr., 1897-1902, iv, no. 186.
Occasional notes on American medical classics; introductory
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bv Dr. Thomas Bond. Univ. M. Mag., Phila., 1897-S, x, 136-14".
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148 Sir William Osler, Bart.

Sporadic cretinism in America. Am. J. M. Sc., Phila., 1897, cxiv,
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In his: Collect, repr., 1897-1902, iv, no. 188.

Address in medicine. Brit. M. J., Lond., 1897, ii, 576-581.
Also [Abstr.]: Lancet, Lond., 1897, ii, 584-589.
Also: Brit. M. Ass. Daily J., Montreal, 1897, Part 3, 42-50.

Address in medicine, at the sixty-fifth annual meeting of the
British Medical Association, Montreal, Aug. 31 to Sept. 4,

1897. J. Am. M. Ass., Chicago, 1897, xxix, 507-512.

La medicine anglaise dans la Nouvelle Angleterre. [Trans.]
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Relapses in tvphoid fever. J. Am. M. Ass., Chicago, 1897, xxix,
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The disguises of tvphoid fever. Gaillard's M. J., N. Y., 1S97,
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Tuberculosis. Syst. Pract. M. (Loomis), N. Y. & Phila. 1897, i,
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1898

The principles and practice of medicine. Designed for the use
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1898, D. Appleton & Co., 1181 p. 8°.

Spontaneous pneumothorax. Maryland M. J., Bait., 1897-8,
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Pneumonia. J. Pract. Med., N. Y., 1897-8, viii, 308-311.

On chronic svmmetrical enlargement of the salivary and lach-
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In his: Collect, repr., 1897-1902, iv, 189.

On some of the intestinal features of typhoid fever. Phila. M. J.,
1S98 i 30-°2
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Ein Fall von Fistula cesophago-pleuro-thoracica. Arch. f. Ver-
dauungskr., Berl., 1898, iii, 383-386.
In his: Collect, repr., 1897-1902, iv, no. 191.

The relation of typhoid mortality and sewerage. Maryland M. J.,
Bait, 1897-8, xxxviii, 217-218.
In his: Collect, repr., 1897-1902, iv, no. 192.

Leprosy in the United States, with the report of a case. Johns
Hopkins Hosp. Bull., Bait., 1898, ix, 47-49.
In his: Collect, repr., 1897-1902, iv, no. 193.

On diffuse scleroderma; with special reference to diagnosis, and
to the use of the thvroid-gland extract. J. Cutan. & Genito-
urin. Dis., N. Y., 1898, xvi, 49; 127.
In his: Collect, repr., 1897-1902, iv, no. 194.

Cerebral features of pneumonia. Maryland M. J., Bait., 1897-8,
xxxviii, 381-383.
In his: Collect, repr., 1897-1902, iv, no. 195.

Cerebrospinal fever. Maryland M. J., Bait., 1898, xxxix, 717-723.
In his: Collect, repr., 1897-1902, iv, no. 196.

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The arthritis of cerebrospinal fever. Boston M. & S. J., 1898,
cxxxix, 641-643.
In his: Collect, repr., 1897-1902, iv, no. 197.

Ephemerides, 1897:

XX. The blood coagulation time in jaundice.
XXI. Facial paralysis with herpes zoster.
XXII. Paralysis of the ocular muscles in albuminuria.

Montreal M. J., 1898, xxvii, 36-38.

Tuberculosis. Am. Text-Bk. Dis. Child. (Starr), 2. ed. Phila.,

1898, 270-302.

1899

On the study of pneumonia. St. Paul M. J., St. Paul, Minn., 1899,
i, 5-9.
In his: Collect, repr., 1897-1902, iv, no. 198.

The problem of typhoid fever in the United States. Baltimore,

1899, J. Murphy Co., 13 p. 8°.

Also: Albanv M. Ann., 1899, xx, 121-130.
Also: Med. News, N. Y., 1899, Ixxiv, 225-229.
In his: Collect, repr., 1897-1902, iv, no. 199.

An acute myxcedematous condition with tachycardia, glycosuria,
melaena, mania, and death. J. Nerv. & Ment. Dis., N. Y., 1899,
xxvi, 65-71.
In his: Collect, repr., 1897-1902, iv, no. 200.

The clinical features of sporadic trichinosis. Am. J. M. Sc, Phila.,
1899, n. s., cxvii, 251-265.
In his: Collect, repr., 1897-1902, iv, no. 201.

In memoriam, William Pepper. Phila. M. J., 1899, iii, 607-611.
In his: Collect, repr., 1897-1902, iv, no. 202.

Chronic splenic enlargement with recurring gastrointestinal
haemorrhages. Edinb. M. J.. 1899, n. s., v. 441-453.
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Cavendish lecture. On the etiology and diagnosis of cerebro-
spinal fever. [London, 1889.1 46 p. 8°.
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Also: Brit. M. J.. Lond.. 1899, i, 1517-1529.
Also: Boston M. & S. J., 1899. cxli. 1 : 32.

Also: Canad. Pract. & Rev., Toronto. 1899, xxv [xxivl, 447-455.
Also: Lancet, Lond., 1899, i, 1699-1709.
Also: Phila. M. J.. 1899. iv, 26-41.
In his: Collect, repr., 1897-1902, iv, no. 205.

After twentv-five years. An address at the opening of the session
of the medical faculty, McGill University, Sept. 21. 1899.
Montreal M. J.. 1899, xxviii, 823-833.
In his: Collect, repr., 1897-1902, iv, no. 206.
The diagnosis of typhoid fever. A discussion at the New York
State Medical Association. October 25, 1899. N. York M. J..
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In his: Collect, repr., 1897-1902, iv, no. 207.

Clinical remarks on hypertrophic cirrhosis of the liver with
bronzing of the skin: hemochromatosis. Brit. M. J., Lond .
1899, ii. 1595-1596.
In his: Collect, repr., 1897-1902, iv. no. 208.

150 Sir William Osler, Bart.

On the medical tests for admission to the public services (Dis-
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The preventive and remedial treatment of tuberculosis (Discus-
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Blood parasites of frog's. N. York M. J., 1899, lxix, 63.

Clinical microscopy at Johns Hopkins Medical School, Baltimore,
United States of America. Brit. M. J., Lond., 1899, i, 69-70.

1900

On splenic anaemia. Am. J. M. Sc, Phila., 1900, n. s., cxix, 54-73.
In his: Collect, repr., 1897-1902, iv, no. 209.

The home treatment of consumption. Maryland M. J., Bait., 1900,
xliii, 8-12.
Also: Med. Mirror, St. Louis, 1900, xi, 165-169.
In his: Collect, repr., 1897-1902, iv, no. 210.

A case of multiple gangrene in malarial fever. Johns Hopkins
Hosp. Bull., Bait, 1900, xi, 41-42.
In his: Collect, repr., 1897-1902, iv, no. 211.

The visceral lesions of the erythema group. Brit. J. Dermat,
Lond., 1900, xii, 227-245.
In his: Collect, repr., 1897-1902, iv, no. 213.

An address on the importance of post-graduate study. Lancet,
Lond., 1900, ii, 73-75.
In his: Collect, repr., 1897-1902, iv, no. 214.

Elisha Bartlett, a Rhode Island philosopher. An address delivered
before the Rhode Island Medical Society, Dec. 7, 1899. With
an appendix containing Dr. Bartlett's sketch of Hippocrates.
Providence, 1900, Snow & Furnham, 43 p. 8°.

Also: Boston M. & S. J., 1900, cxlii, 49; 77.

In his: Collect, repr., 1897-1902, iv, no. 215.

An address on John Locke as a physician. Delivered before the
Students' Societies of the Medical Department of the Uni-
versity of Pennsylvania on Jan. 16, 1900. Lancet, Lond., 1900,
ii, 1115-1123.
In his: Collect, repr., 1897-1902, iv, no. 216.

Hemiplegia in typhoid fever. Johns Hopkins Hosp. Rep., Bait.,
1900, viii, 363-371.
In his: Collect, repr., 1897-1902, iv, no. 217.

Hepatic complications of typhoid fever. Johns Hopkins Hosp.
Rep., Bait, 1900, viii, 373-383.
In his: Collect repr., 1897-1902, iv, no. 218.

Analysis and general summary of the cases [of typhoid fever]
from 1889-1899. Johns Hopkins Hosp. Rep., Bait, 1900, viii,
421-422.
In his: Collect, repr., 1897-1902, iv, no. 219.

Special features, symptoms and complications [of typhoid fever].
Johns Hopkins Hosp. Rep., Bait, 1900, viii, 423-486.
In his: Collect, repr., 1897-1902, iv, no. 220.

On the study of tuberculosis. Phila. M. J., 1900, vi, 1029-1030.
In his: Collect, repr., 1897-1902, iv, no. 221.

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1901

The principles and practice of medicine. Designed for the use of
practitioners and students of medicine. 4. ed. New York,
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Sporadic cretinism (infantile and juvenile myxoedema).

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Books and men. Remarks made at the opening of the new build-
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The past century; its progress in great subjects. Medicine.
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A plea for the more careful study of the symptoms of perforation
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The medical aspects of carcinoma of the breast, with a note on the
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In his: Collect, repr., 1897-1902, iv, no. 226.

Hemorrhage in chronic jaundice (Correspondence). Am. Med.,
Phila., 1901, i, 152.

On the advantages of a trace of albumin and a few tube casts in
the urine of certain men above fifty years of age. N. York
M. J., 1901, lxxiv, 949-950.

Also: Indian M. Rec, Calcutta, 1902, xxii, 92-93.

In his: Collect, repr., 1897-1902, iv, no. 227.

Congenital absence of the abdominal muscles, with distended and
hypertrophied urinary bladder. Johns Hopkins Hosp. Bull.,
Bait, 1901, xii, 331-333.
In his: Collect, repr., 1897-1902, iv, no. 228.

On a family form of recurring epistaxis, associated with multiple
telangiectases of the skin and mucous membranes. Johns
Hopkins Hosp. Bull., Bait, 1901, xii, 333-337.
In his: Collect, repr., 1897-1902, iv, no. 229.

The natural method of teaching the subject of medicine. J. Am.
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The study of internal medicine. Med. News, N. Y., 1901, lxxviii,
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The spinal form of arthritis deformans. Remarks introductory to
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1901, xvi, 687-689.

1902

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1902, D. Appleton & Co., 1079 p. 8°.

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On amebic abscess of the liver. Med. News, N. Y., 1902, lxxx,
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In his: Collect, repr., 1902-1907, v, no. 231.

Amebic dysenterv. Therap. Gaz.. Detroit, 1902, 3. s„ xviii, 217-218.
Also: Proc. Phila. Co. M. Soc, Phila., 1902, n. s., iv, 44-46.
In his: Collect, repr., 1902-1907, v, no. 232.

Note on the occurrence of ascites in solid abdominal tumors.
Phila. M. J., 1902, ix, 928-929.
In his: Collect, repr., 1902-1907, v, no. 233.

Alfred Stille. Univ. Penn. Med. Bull., Phila., 1902, xv, 126-132.
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Also: Am. Med., Phila., 1902, iv, 424-427.

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1903

Case of leukaemia. Virginia M. Semi-Month., Richmond, 1902-3,
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On the need of a radical reform in our methods of teaching senior
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Aneurism of the descending thoracic aorta. Phila., 1903, J. B.
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A case of chronic purpuric erythema (eight years" duration) with
pigmentation of skin and enlargement of liver and spleen.
J. Cutan. Dis. incl. Syph., N. Y.. 1903. xxi. 297-302.
In his: Collect, repr., 1902-1907, v, no. 244.

On obliteration of the superior vena cava. Johns Hopkins Hosp.
Bull., Bait., 1903. xiv, 169-175.
In his: Collect, repr., 1902-1907, v, no. 245.

154 Sir William Osler, Bart.

On the so-called Stokes-Adams disease (slow pulse with syncopal
attacks, etc.). Lancet. Lond., 1903, ii, 516-524.
In his: Collect, repr., 1902-1907, v, no. 246.

Chronic cyanosis with polycythemia and enlarged spleen; a new
clinical entity. Am. J. M. Sc., Phila., 1903, n. s., cxxvi, 187-201.
Also: Tr. Ass. Am. Physicians, Phila., 1903, xviii, 299-325.
In his: Collect, repr., 1902-1907, v, no. 247.

The master-word in medicine. An address to medical students
on the occasion of the opening of the new buildings of the
Medical Faculty of the University of Toronto, Oct. 1, 1903.
Baltimore, 1903, J. Murphy Co., 33 p. 8°.

Also: Brit. M. J., Lond., 1903, ii, 1196-1200.

Also: Canad. J. M. & S., Toronto, 1903, xiv, 333-347.

Also: Montreal M. J., 1903, xxxii, 771-785.

Also: Johns Hopkins Hosp. Bull., Bait., 1904, xv, 1-7.

In his: Collect, repr., 1902-1907, v, no. 248.

The master-word is work, 1903 (?) Date of publication not ascer-
tained. (Privately printed.) [An abridgement of "The
master-word in medicine," 1903.]

Tvphoid fever and tuberculosis. Am. Med., Phila., 1903, vi, 1015-
1016.
In his: Collect, repr., 1902-1907, v, no. 249.

The home in its relation to the tuberculosis problem. Med. News,
N. Y., 1903, lxxxiii, 1105-1110.
In his: Collect, repr., 1902-1907, v, no. 250.

On the visceral manifestations of the erythema group of skin
diseases. Tr. Ass. Am. Physicians, Phila., 1903, xviii, 599-624.
Also: Am. J. M. Sc, Phila., 1904, cxxvii, 1-23.
In his: Collect, repr., 1902-1907, v, no. 251.

Diabetes in infancy. Phila. M. J., 1903, xi, 538.

The significance of cutaneous angiomata. Med. News, N. Y., 1903,
lxxxii, 91.

The varieties of linese albicantes. Med. News, N. Y., 1903, lxxxiii,
904.

Aneurism of upper part of thoracic aorta. (Proc. Johns Hopkins
Hosp. Med. Soc. Oct. 20, 1902.) Johns Hopkins Hosp. Bull.,
Bait., 1903, xiv, 85.

Certain forms of cyanosis with polycythemia. (Proc. Johns
Hopkins Hosp. Med. Soc, Nov. 17, 1902.) Johns Hopkins
Hosp. Bull., 1903, xiv, 91.
Also: Maryland M. J., Bait, 1903, xlvi, 81-82.

Two cases of cirrhosis of the liver in children. (Proc Johns Hop-
kins Hosp. Med. Soc, March 16, 1903.) Johns Hopkins Hosp.
Bull., Bait., 1903, xiv, 322.

1904

Aequanimitas, with other addresses to medical students, nurses
and practitioners of medicine. Phila., 1904, P. Blakiston's Son
& Co. 389 p. 12°.

BIBLIOGRAPHY 155

The same. Lond., 1904, H. K. Lewis, 389 p. 12°.

The Ingersoll lecture, 1904. Science and immortality. Boston,
1904, Houghton, Mifflin & Co. 60 p. 12°.

The " phthisiologia " of Richard Morton, M. D. Med. Libr. & Hist.
J., Brooklyn, 1904, ii, 1-7.
In his: Collect, repr., 1902-1907, v, no. 252.

Ochronosis: the pigmentation of cartilages, sclerotics, and skin
in alkaptonuria. Lancet, Lond., 1904, i, 10-11.
In his: Collect, repr., 1902-1907, v, no. 253.

On the surgical importance of the visceral crises in the erythema
group of skin diseases. Am. J. M. Sc, Phila. & N. Y., 1904.
n. s., cxxvii, 751-754.

Also: Johns Hopkins Hosp. Bull., Bait., 1904, xv, 259-261.

In his: Collect, repr., 1902-1907, v, no. 254.

Angina pectoris and arterio-sclerosis. J. Am. M. Ass., Chicago,

1904, xliii, 775.

Chronic cyanotic polvcythaemia with enlarged spleen. Brit. M. J..
Lond.", 1904, i, 121.

Korsakoff's disease. N. York M. J. [etc.], 1904, Ixxix, 570.

Vasomotor mottling. (Proc. Johns Hopkins Hosp. Med. Soc,
Nov. 16, 1903.) Johns Hopkins Hosp. Bull., Bait., 1904. xv, 66.

Aneurism of arch of aorta and innominate. (Proc. Johns Hopkins
Hosp. Med. Soc., Nov. 16, 1903.) Johns Hopkins Hosp. Bull.,
Bait., 1904, xv, 66.

Remarks at the unveiling of the memorial tablet to Dr. Jesse W.
Lazear. Johns Hopkins Hosp. Bull., Bait., 1904, xv, 387-388.

The home in its relation to the tuberculosis problem. Sanitarian,
N. Y., 1904, Hi, 322-336.
Also: Canada Lancet, Toronto, 1904-5, xxxviii, 600-612.

1905

The principles and practice of medicine, designed for the use of
practitioners and students of medicine. 6. ed. N. Y. & Lond.,

1905, D. Appleton & Co. 1143 p. 8°.

Counsels and ideals from the writings of ... . [ Selected and
edited by C. N. B., Camac.] Bost. & N. Y., 1905, Houghton,
Mifflin & Co. 277 p. 12°.

Unitv, peace, and concord: a farewell address to the medical pro-
fession of the United States. Oxford, 1905. H. Hart, 22 p. 8°.
Also: J. Am. M. Ass., Chicago, 1905, xlv, 365-369.
Also: St. Louis M. Rev.. 1905. lii. 112-116.
Also: Maryland M. J.. Bait.. 1905, xlviii. 412-422.
In his: Collect, repr., 1902-1907, v, no. 255.

The student life. A farewell ;iddress to Canadian and American
medical students. Oxford ri9051. H. Hart. 32 p. 8°.
Also: Canada Lancet. Toronto, 1905-6, xxxix, 121-138.
Also: Med. News, N. Y., 1905. lxxxvii, 625-633.
Also: St. Louis M. Rev.. 1905. lii, 273-283.
In his: Collect, repr., 1902-1907, v, no. 256.

156 Sir William Osleb, Bart.

Aneurism of the abdominal aorta. Lancet, Lond., 1905, ii, 1089-
1096.
In his: Collect, repr., 1902-1907, v, no. 257.

Acute tuberculous pneumonia. Brooklyn M. J., 1905, xix, 57-61.

The home in its relation to the tuberculosis problem. Rev. inter-

nat. de la tuberc, Par., 1905, vii, 403-413.
Also: Rep. Henry Phipps Inst, study .... tuberculosis, Phila.,

1905, i, 141-154.
Also: Am. J. Tuberc, Detroit, 1905, i, 9-15.

An address on Sir Thomas Browne. Brit. M. J., Lond., 1905, ii,
993-998.

The Royal Dental Hospital of London: address. Lancet, Lond.,
1905, ii, 1210.

Valedictory address at Johns Hopkins University. J. Am. M. Ass.,
Chicago, 1905, xliv, 705-710.

Biliary cirrhosis of family type. (Proc. Johns Hopkins Hosp.
Med. Soc, Nov. 7, 1904.) Johns Hopkins Hosp. Bull., Bait.,
1905, xvi, 112-113.

Report of a case of ulcerative endocarditis, with embolism of the
aorta. (Proc. Johns Hopkins Hosp. Med. Soc, Dec. 19, 1904.)
Johns Hopkins Hosp. Bull., Bait., 1905, xvi, 118.

Report of a case of arterio-venous aneurism of the thigh. (Proc.
Johns Hopkins Hosp. Med. Soc, Dec. 19, 1904.) Johns Hop-
kins Hosp. Bull., Bait, 1905, xvi, 119.

A case of arterio-venous aneurism. (Proc. Johns Hopkins Hosp.
Med. Soc, Jan. 16, 1905.) Johns Hopkins Hosp. Bull., Bait.,
1905, xvi, 146.

Resume of history of blood platelets. (Proc. Johns Hopkins Hosp.
Med. Soc, March 6, 1905.) Johns Hopkins Hosp. Bull., Bait.,
1905, xvi, 200.

A letter to graduates of The Johns Hopkins Medical School. Johns
Hopkins Hosp. Bull., Bait, 1905, xvi, 410.

Stille, A. Table of comparison between typhus and typhoid fevers.
With an introductory note by Professor Osier. Univ. Penn. M.
Bull., Phila., 1904-5, xvii, 63-64.

1906

Aequanimitas, with other addresses to medical students, nurses,
and practitioners of medicine. 2. ed. with three additional
addresses. Phila., 1906, P. Blakiston's Son & Co., 475 p. 8°.

The same, Lond., 1906, H. K. Lewis, 485 p. 8°.

Convulsions in typhoid fever. Practitioner, Lond., 1906, lxxvi, 1-8.
In his: Collect, repr., 1902-1907, v, no. 258.

On the medical aspects of carcinoma of the breast. Brit. M. J.,
Lond., 1906, i, 1-4.
In his: Collect repr., 1902-1907, v, no. 259.

Angina pectoris as an early symptom in aneurism of the aorta.
Med. Chron., Manchester, 1906, xliv, 69-79.
In liis: Collect, repr., 1902-1907, v, no. 260.

Bibliography 157

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1905, Lond., 1906, Chiswick Press, 31 p. 8°.
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Tbe growth of truth as illustrated in the discovery of the circula-
tion of the blood. Being the Harveian oration delivered at
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Also: Brit. M. J., Lond., 1906, ii, 1077-1084.

Also: Lancet, Lond., 1906, ii, 1113-1120.

Also: Boston M. & S. J., 1906, civ, 491-502.

In his: Collect, repr., 1902-1907, v, no. 262.

Fracastorius. Proc. Charaka Club, N. Y., 1906, ii, 5-20.
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Address of the Vice-President. Nat. Ass. Study & Prevent. Tuber-
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John Radcliffe [the first possessor of the "gold-headed cane"].
Johns Hopkins Hosp. Bull., Bait., 1906, xvii, 163-165.

1907

Collected reprints. Fifth series. (January 1, 1902-January 1,
1907.) [Bait, 1907.]

The Royal Medical Society of Edinburgh: particularly its rela-
tions with the profession of the United States and Canada.
Scot. M. & S. J., Edinb., 1907, xx, 239-246.

Cerebrospinal fever. Edinb. M. J., 1907, n. s., xxi. 199-204.

The early diagnosis of cancer of the stomach. Brit. M. J., Lond.,
1907, i, 746.

On the librarv of a medical school. Johns Hopkins Hosp. Bull.,
Bait., 1907, xviii, 109-111.

On telangiectasis circumscripta universalis. Johns Hopkins Hosp.
Bull., Bait., 1907, xviii, 401-403.

A clinical lecture on abdominal tumors associated with disease of
the testicle. Lancet, Lond., 1907, i, 1409-1412.

Note on the use of a medical journal. West. Canada M. J., Winni-
peg, 1907, i, 1-3.

The reserves of life. St. Mary's Hosp. Gaz., Lond., 1907, xiii, 95-98.

The evolution of internal medicine.

In: Mod. Med. (Osier), Phila. & N. Y., 1907, i, p. xv-xxxiv.

Osier, W., & Churchman, J. W. Syphilis.

In: Mod. Med. (Osier), Phila. ft N. Y., 1907, iii, 436-521.

Osier, W., ft McCrae, T.. edS. Modern medicine, its theory and
practice. In original contributions by American and foreign
authors, v. 1-3, Phila. & N. V., 1907, Lea Brothers & Co. 8°.

Osier W [el nl.\. Discussion on the diagnosis of acute pan-
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158 Sir William Osler, Bart.

Krehl, Rudolf. Principles of clinical pathology. A text-book for
students and physicians. Authorized transl. from the 4. Ger-
man ed. by Walter Hewlett, with an introduction by William
Osier. 2. ed. Phila. & Lond. 1907. J. B. Lippincott Co.
520 p. 8°.

Quarterly (The) Journal of Medicine. Edited by William Osier
[et. ah}. Oxford, 1907, v. 1. roy. 8°.

1908

Thomas Linacre. Cambridge, 1908, University Press, 64 p. 11 pi.
12°.

An Alabama student, and other biographical essays. N. Y., 1908,
Oxford Univ. Press, Am. Branch. 334 p. 8°.

La pratique de la medecine. Traduction frangaise sur la 6e edition
par M. Solomon et Louis Lazard. Preface du Dr. Pierre Marie.
Par., 1908, G. Steinheil. 1230 p. 8°.

On multiple hereditary telangiectasis with recurring haemorrhages.
Quart. J. Med., Oxford, 1907-8, i, 53-58.

Splenic polycythemia with cyanosis. Proc. Roy. Soc. Med., Lond.,
1907-8, i, Clin. Sept., 41-43.

A clinical lecture on erythema (polycythemia with cyanosis,
maladie de Vaquez). Lancet, Lond., 1908, i, 143-146.

Note on French and German for medical students. Lancet, Lond.,
1908, ii, 957.

Splenic enlargements other than leukemic. Brit. M. J., Lond.,
1908, ii, 1151-1154.

Remarks on the functions of an out-patient department. Brit.
M. J., Lond., 1908, i, 1470-1473.
Also: St. Louis M. Rev., 1908, lviii, 344-346.

Chronic infectious endocarditis. Quart. J. Med., Oxford, 1908-9,
ii, 219-230.
Also: Tribune med., N. Y., 1909, i, v, 29.

Endocardites infectieuses chroniques. Bull, et mem. Soc. med. d.
hop. de Par., 1908, 3. s., xxv, 794-796.
Also: Tribune med., Par., 1908, n. s., xl, 773.

The pneumococcus infections. Clin. J., Lond., 1907-8, xxxi, 295-301.
Also: Tr. M. Soc, Lond., 1909, xxxi, 93-116.

Historical note on hereditary chorea. Neurographs, Brooklyn,
1908, i, 113-116.

Vienna after thirty-four years. J. Am. M. Ass., Chicago, 1908,
1, 1523-1525.

Acute GndoCcirditis

In: Mod. Med. (Osier), Phila. & N. Y., 1908, iv, 133-150.

Diseases of the arteries.

In: Mod. Med. (Osier), Phila. & N. Y., 1908, iv, 426-447.

Aneurysm.

In: Mod. Med. (Osier), Phila. & N. Y., 1908, iv, 448-502.

Bibliography 159

Osier, W., & Gibson, A. G. Diseases of the valves of the heart.
In: Mod. Med. (Osier), Phila. & N. Y., 1908, iv, 205-269.

Osier, W., & McCrae, T., eds. Modern medicine, its theory and
practice. In original contributions by American and foreign
authors, v. 4-5, Phila. & N. Y., 1908. Lea & Febiger. 8°.

1909

The principles and practice of medicine, designed for the use of
practitioners and students of medicine. 7. ed., N. Y. & Lond.,
1909, D. Appleton & Co., 1143 p. 8°.

Lehrbuch der internen Medizin. Aus dem Englischen vibersetzt
und fur deutsche Verhaltnisse erganzt und bearbeitet, von
Priv.-Doz. Dr. Edmund Hoke, mit einem Vorwort von Ober-
sanitatsrat und Hofrat Prof. Dr. R. v. Jaksch. Berlin & Wien,
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What the public can do in the fight against tuberculosis. Tuber-
culosis Exhibition and Conferences, Oxford, Nov. 8-13, 1909.
Oxford, 1909, H. Hart, 7 p. 8°.

Michael Servetus, Oxford, 1909, Oxford Press, 35 p. 8°.

De la paralysie du nerf recurrent gauche dans les affections
mitrales. Arch. d. mal. du co?ur [etc.]. Par., 1909, ii, 73-7*;.

Paralysis of the left recurrent laryngeal nerve in mitral-valve
disease. Montreal M. J., 1909, xxxviii, 79-83.

Remarks on the medical library in post-graduate work. Brit.
M. J., Lond., 1909, ii, 925-928.

Schorstein lecture on syphilis and aneurysm. Brit. M. J.. Lond.,
1909, ii, 1509-1514.

The treatment of disease. Lond., 1909, H. Frowde, 26 p. 8°.
Also: Brit. M. J., Lond., 1909, ii, 185-189.
Also: Canad. Lancet, Toronto, I'.his !«, \lii, 896-912.

Note on the relation of the capillary blood-vessels in purpura.
Lancet, Lond., 1909, i, 1385.

An address on the nation and the tropics. Delivered at the London
School of Tropical .Medicine on Oct. 26, 1909. Lancet, Lond.,
1909, ii, 1401-1406.

Impressions of Paris. J. Am. M. Ass., Chicago, 1909, lii, 701; 771.

Old and new. Annual oration on the occasion of the opening of
the new building of the Medical and Chirurgical Faculty of
Maryland, Mav 13, 1909. J. Am. M. Ass., Chicago, 1909, liii,
4-8.

Aneurysm.

In: Syst. Med. (Allbutt & Rolleston), Lond., 1909, vi, 620-681.

Raynaud's disease.

In: Mod. Med. (Osier), Phila. & N. Y., 1909, vi, 625-647.

Angioneurotic oedema; Quincke's disease.
In: Mod. Med. (Osier), Phila. & N. Y., 1909, vi, 648-664.

Diffuse scleroderma: erythromelalgla.

In: Mod. Med. (Osier), Phila. & N. Y., 1909. vi, 665-682.
11

1G0 Sir William Osler, Bart.

Osier, Sir W. & Gibson, A. G. Visceral syphilis.

In: Syst Syph. (Power & Murphy), Lond., 1909, iii, 3-80.

Osier, W., & Keith, A. Stokes-Adams disease.
In: Syst. Med. (Allbutt & Rolleston), Lond., 1909, vi, 130-156.

Osier, W., & MeCrae, T., eds. Modern medicine, its theory and
practice. In original contributions by American and foreign
authors, v. 6, Phila. & N. Y., 1909, Lea & Febiger, 790 p. 8°.

1910

The principles and practice of medicine, tran3l. by Philip B.
Cousland. 7. ed. [Chinese text.] Shanghai, 1910, Presby. Mis.
Press. 8°.

In memoriam. Dr. John Hewetson, 1867-1910. Johns Hopkins
Hosp. Bull., Bait, 1910, xxi, 357.

Michael Servetus. Johns Hopkins Hosp. Bull., Bait, 1910, xxi,
1-11.
Also transl.: Deutsche Rev., Stuttg. u. Leipz., 1909, iv, 328-347.

Certain vasomotor, sensory, and muscular phenomena associated
with cervical rib. Am. J. M. Sc, Phila. & N. Y., 1910, cxxxix,
469-472.

The Lumleian lectures on angina pectoris. Lancet, Lond., 1910,
i, 697; 839; 973.

Female haemophiliacs and de novo cases of haemophilia. Lancet,
Lond., 1910, i, 1226.

The faith that heals. Brit. M. J., Lond., 1910, ii, 1470-1472.

The pupil symptoms in thoracic aneurysm: a clinical lecture;
Radcliffe Infirmary. Practitioner, Lond., 1910, lxxxiv, 417-422.

Leber angina pectoris. Allg. Wien. med. Ztg., 1910, lv, 435.

Greek at Oxford. Nation, N. Y., 1910, xci, 544-545.

Dr. William H. Welch. Am. Mag. N. Y., 1910, lxx, 456-459.

Osier, W., & MeCrae, T., eds. Modern medicine, its theory and
practice. In original contributions by American and foreign
authors, v. 7, Phila. & N. Y., 1910, Lea & Febiger, 969 p. 8°.

1911

Man's redemption of man. Am. Mag., N. Y., 1910-11, lxxi, 246-252.

Transient attacks of aphasia and paralyses in states of high blood
pressure and arteriosclerosis. Canad. M. Ass. J., Toronto,
1911, i, 919-926.

An address on the hospital unit in university work. Lancet Lond.,
1911, i, 211-213.
Also: Northumberland & Durham M. J., Newcastle-upon-Tyne,

1910, xviii, 178-189.

Remarks on organization in the profession. Brit. M. J., Lond.,

1911, i, 237-239.

Treatment; introductory address. Nat. Ass. Prev. Consumpt. Tr.,
Lond., 1911, 119-123.

Bibliography 161

The pathological institute of a general hospital. Glasgow M. J.,
1911, lxxvi, 321-333.

Sir Astley Cooper's case of ligature of the abdominal aorta. Guy's
Hosp. Gaz., Lond., 1911, xxv, 277.

Sulle telangiectasie emorragiche ereditarie. Riforma med., Napoli,
1911, xxvii, 57-58.

Vallery-Radot, Rene, The life of Pasteur. Transl. from the French
by Mrs. R. D. Devonshire; with a foreword by Sir William
Osier, 2 v. Lond., 1911, Constable & Co. 242 p., port; 271 p. 8D.

1912

The principles and practice of medicine. 8. ed., rev. with the
assistance of Thomas McCrae. N. Y. & Lond., 1912. D. Apple-
ton & Co., 1250 p. 8°.

A Drake monument. Lancet-Clinic, Cincin., 1912, cvii, 421.

Dr. Robert Fletcher. Bristol M.-Chir. J., 1912, xxx, 289-294, port.

High blood pressure. Its associations, advantages and disadvan-
tages. Brit. M. J., Lond., 1912, ii, 1173-1177.

Chronic infectious endocarditis, with an early history like splenic
anemia. Interstate M. J., St. Louis, 1912, xix, 103-107.

Men and books:

I. Nicolaus Steno. Canad. M. Ass. J., Toronto, 1912, ii. 67-68.

II. Les collections artistiques de la Faculte de M6decine de
Paris.

Ibid., 68-69.

III. Samuel Wilkes.
Ibid., 70-71.

IV. Jean Astruc and the higher criticism.
Ibid., 151-152.

V. Two Frenchmen on laughter.
Ihid.. 152-1.".:,.

VI. An incident in the life of Harvey.
Ihid.. 246-247.

VII. Letters of Laennec.
Ihid.. 247-248.

VIII. Dr. Payne's librarv.
Ihid.. 248-249.

IX. The funeral of Lord Lister.
Ibid., 343-344.

X. Gui Patin.
Ibid., 429-430.

XI. George Bodington.
Ibid., 526-527.

XII. Histoire de la Charite\
Ibid., 527-528.

XIII. The school of Physic, Dublin.
Ibid., S33-835.

XIV. Kelly's American Medical Biography.
Ibid., 938-939.

XV. The works of John Caius.
Ibid.. 1034-1036.

XVI. William Beaumont.
Ibid.. 1136-1138.

1G2 Sir William Osler, Bart.

Meyer, Jesse S., Life and letters of Dr. William Beaumont, includ-
ing hitherto unpublished data concerning the case of Alexis
St. Martin. With an introduction by Sir William Osier.
St. Louis, 1912. C. V. Mosby Co., 342 p. port. roy. 8°.

1913

Man's redemption of man. A lay sermon, McEwan Hall, Edin-
burgh, Sunday, July 2, 1910. N. York, 1913. P. B. Hoeber,
63 p. 24°.
Also: Lond., 1913, Constable & Co., 63 p. 16°.

A way of life. 2. impression. Lond., 1913, Constable & Co., 62 p.
16°.

Evolution of modern medicine. The Silliman lectures. N. Haven,
1913, Yale Univ. Press, 230 p. 8°.

Charles Francis Adams at Oxford. Nation, N. Y., 1913, xcvii,
503-504.

Address on examinations, examiners and examinees. Brit. M. J.,
Lond., 1913, ii, 946-948.
Also: Lancet, Lond., 1913, ii, 1047-1050.
Also: Dublin J. M. Sc, 1913, cxxxvi, 313-327.

An arterio-venous aneurysm of the axillary vessels of 30 years'
duration. Lancet, Lond., 1913, ii, 1248.

Specialism in the general hospital. Johns Hopkins Hosp. Bull.,
Bait., 1913, xxiv, 167-171.
Also: Johns Hopkins Alumni Mag., Bait., 1913, i, 275-286.

Case illustrating circulatory disturbance with cervical rib. Proc.
Roy. Soc. Med., Lond., 1912-13, vi, Clin. Sect. 9-12.

[Introductory remarks on history of medicine.] Med. Mag., Lond.,
1913, xxii, 35.

A down survey manuscript of William Petty. Med. Mag., Lond.,
1913, xxii, 36-39.
Also: Proc. Roy. Soc. Med., Lond., 1912-13, vi, Sect. Hist. Med.,
2-5.

Presidential address, British Hospitals Association. Med. Mag.,
Lond., 1913, xxii, 368-372.

Men and books:

XVII. The young Laennec. Canad. M. Ass. J., Toronto, 1913,
iii, 137-140.

XVIII. Mediaeval Medicine.
Ibid., 140-141.

XIX. Robert Fletcher.
Ibid,, 227-228.

XX. Jaques Benigne Winslow.
Ibid., 319-321.

XXI. Aristotle, Greek Thinkers by Gemperz, vol. iv.
Ibid., 416-417.

XXII. Dr. Slop.
Ibid., 612-613.

XXIII. John Shaw Billings.
Ibid., 613-616.

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1914

Bacilli and bullets. N. Y., 1914, Oxford Univ., S p. 12°.

A way of life. An address to Yale students Sunday evening, April
20, 1913. N. York, 1914. P. B. Hoeber, 62 p. 24°.

Syphilis of the liver with the picture of Banti's disease. Proc.
Roy. Soc. Med., Lond., 1913-14, vii, Med. Sect, 1-7.

Splenomegaly; two attacks of haematemesis; irregular liver. Proc.
Roy. Soc. Med., Lond., 1913-14, vii, Clin. Sect., 108.

Suggested scheme for the restoration of the tomb of Avicenna.
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Medical notes on England at war. J. Am. M. Ass., Chicago, 1914,
lxiii, 2303-2305.

The proposed general catalogue of incunabula. Bull. Med. Library
Ass., Bait., 1914, iii, 45-48.

Men and books:

XXIV. Israel and medicine. Canad. M. Ass. J., Toronto, 1914,
iv, 729-733.

XXV. "Looking back." 1889.
Ibid., 1012-1014.

XXVI. Nathan Smith.
Ibid., 1109-1111.

An address on the medical clinic; a retrospect and a forecast.
Brit. M. J., Lond., 1914, i, 10-16.

Early printed medical books. Brit. M. J., Lond., 1914, i, 205.
Also: Lancet, Lond., 1914, i, 255.

The visceral lesions of purpura and allied conditions. Brit. M. J.,
Lond., 1914, i, 517-525.

Some MSS. and books in the Bodleian Library illustrating the
evolution of British surgery. Brit. M. J., Lond., 1914, i, 825-
826.

An address at the new pathological laboratory at the Royal Mineral
Water Hospital, Bath. Brit. M. J., Lond., 1914, i, 1314-1315.
Also: Lancet, Lond., 1914, i, 1689-1690.

Bacilli and bullets: an address to the officers and men in the camps
at Churn. Brit. M. J., Lond., 1914, ii, 569-570.
Also: Mod. Mag., Lond., 1914, xxiii, 580-583.

Sir James Y. Simpson and anaesthesia (Correspondence). Lancet,
Lond., 1914. ii. 1067.

Long and anesthesia (Correspondence). Lancet, Lond., 1914, ii,
1219-1220.

164 Sir William Osler, Bart.

Syphilis of the liver with the picture of Banti's disease. Clin. J.,
Lond., 1914, xliii, 462-464.

Appreciation of Silas Weir Mitchell. Brit. M. J., Lond., 1914, i,
120-121.

The war and typhoid fever. Brit. M. J., Lond., 1914, ii, 909-913.
Also: Tr. Soc. Trop. M. & Hyg., Lond., 1914-15, viii, 45-74.

Burton's Anatomy of melancholy. Yale Rev., N. Haven, 1914, iii,
251-271.

Osier, Sir W. & Churchman, J. W. Syphilis.
In: Mod. Med., 2. ed. (Osier & McCrae), Phila. & N. Y., 1914, ii,
144-215.

Osier, Sir W. 6 McCrae, T., eds. Modern medicine, its theory
and practice. In original contributions by American and
foreign authors. 2. ed., v. 2-3, Phila. & N. Y., 1914, Lea &
Febiger. 8°.

1915

Science and war. Oxford, 1915, Clarendon Press, 40 p. 8°.

Nerve & " nerves." Address given at the Leeds Luncheon Club,
Oct. 1, 1915. 7 p. 8°. (Privately printed.)

War, wounds and disease. Quart. Rev., Lond., 1915, ccxxiv, 150-161.

Special discussion on the epidemiology of cerebrospinal meningitis.
Proc. Roy. Soc. Med., Lond., 1914-15, viii, Epidemiol. & State
Med., 41-45.

The Jonathan Hutchinson iconography. A preliminary note.
Johns Hopkins Hosp. Buil., Bait., 1915, xxvi, 82.

A tribute to Dr. Edward L. Trudeau; a medical pioneer. Am.
Med., Burlington, Vt. & N. Y., 1915, n. s., x, 20.

Remarks on the diagnosis of polycystic kidney. Internat. Clin.,
Phila., 1915, 25. s., i, 1-5.

The coming age of internal medicine in America. Internat.
Clin., Phila., 1915, 25. s., iv, 1-5.

Remarks on arterio-venous aneurysm. Lancet, Lond., 1915, i, 949-

955.
Note on acute infectious jaundice. Lancet, Lond., 1915, ii, 605.

An address on science and war. Delivered at the University of
Leeds Medical School on October 1, 1915. Lancet, Lond., 1915,
ii, 795-801.

Cold-bite + muscle-inertia = trench-foot. Lancet, Lond., 1915, ii,
1368.

Medical notes on England at war. J. Am. M. Ass., Chicago, 1915,
lxiv, 679-680; 1512-1513; 2001-2002.
Also: West Canada M. J., Winnipeg, 1915, ix, 59-65.
Also: Dominion M. Month., 1915, xliv, 41; 12b.

Remarks on cerebrospinal fever in camps and barracks. Brit.
M. J., Lond., 1915, i, 189.

Discussion on the treatment of cerebrospinal meningitis. Brit.
M. J., Lond., 1915, ii, 604.

Bibliography 165

Acute endocarditis.
In: Mod. Med. 2. ed. (Osier & McCrae), Phila. & N. Y., 1915, iv,

148-165.

Diseases of the arteries.
In: Mod. Med. 2. ed. (Osier & McCrae), Phila. & N. Y., 1915, iv,

449-471.

Aneurism.
In: Mod. Med. 2. ed. (Osier & McCrae), Phila. & N. Y., 1915, iv,
472-525.

Raynaud's disease.
In: Mod. Med., 2. ed. (Osier & McCrae), Phila. & N. Y., 1915,
iv, 975-997.

Angioneurotic oedema. Quincke's disease.
In: Mod. Med. 2. ed. (Osier & McCrae), Phila. & N. Y., 1915, iv,
998-1013.

Diffuse scleroderma. Erythromelalgia.
In: Mod. Med. 2. ed. (Osier & McCrae), Phila. & N. Y., 1915, iv,
1014-1031.

Osier, Sir W. & Gibson, A. G. Diseases of the valves of the heart.
In: Mod. Med. 2. ed. (Osier & McCrae), Phila. & N. Y., 1915, iv,
212-274.

Osier, Sir W. & McCrae, T., eds. Modern medicine, its theory and
practice. In original contributions by American and foreign
authors. 2. ed., v. 4-5, Phila. & N. Y., 1915, Lea & Febiger. 8°.

Macmichael. William, The gold-headed cane; with an introduction
by Sir William Osier; and a preface by F. R. Packard. N. Y.,

1915, P. M. Hoeber, 261 p. 8°.

1916

Science and war; an address delivered at the Universitv of Leeds
.Medical School. N. Y., 1916, Oxford Univ. Press, 39 p. 8°.

Intensive work in science at the public schools in relation to the
medical curriculum. School World, Lond., 1916, Feb., pp. 41-44.
Also: World's Work, Lond., 1916, Apr., pp. 434-438.
Also [Abstr.]: Nature, Lond., 1915-16, xcvi, 554-555.

Illustrations of the bookworm. Bodleian Quart. Rec, Oxford,
1914-16, i, 355-357.

Creators, transmuters and transmitters. As illustrated by Shakes-
peare, Bacon and Burton. Remarks made at the opening of
the Bodley Shakespeare Exhibition, April 24. 1916. Lond.,

1916, Oxford Press, 8 p. 12°. (Privately printed.)

Discussion on paratvphoid fever. Proc. Roy. Soc. Med., Lond.,
1915-16, ix, Med. Sect, 38.

An address on the tuberculous soldier. Lancet, Lond., 1916, ii,
220-221.

Local tetanus (Correspondence). Lancet, Lond., 1916, ii, STT

Osier. Sir W.. Brown. W. L.. [et, al.] Discussion on trench nephri-
tis. Proc. Roy. Soc. Med.. Lond., 1915-1916, ix. Med. & Therap.
& Pharmacol. Sect., 1-xl.

166 Sir William Osler, Bart.

Osier, Sir W., Robb, G., \et. al.~\ Discussion on the treatment of
cerebrospinal meningitis. Proc. Roy. Soc. Med., Lond., 1915-16,
ix, Therap. & Pharmacol. Sect, 1-26.

Osier. Sir W., Rolleston, H. D., [et. ah] Treatment of cerebro-
spinal meningitis. Practitioner, Lond., 1916, xcvi, 1-18.

1917

The campaign against syphilis. Delivered before the Medical
Society of London. May 14, 1917. Lancet, Lond., 1917, i,
7S7-792
Also: Brit. M. J., Lond., 1917, i, 694-696.

The anti-venereal campaign. Annual oration of the Medical So-
ciety of London. Tr. M. Soc. Lond., 1917, xl, 290-315.
[Same as: "The campaign against syphilis."]

The library school in the college. An address at the opening of
the summer School of Library Science, Aberystwyth, July 31,

1917. Library Ass. Rec, Lond., 1917, xix, 287-308.

The " Anatomie universelle " of Ambroise Pare (Editorial). Ann.
Med. Hist., N. Y., 1917, i, 424.

The problem of the crippled. Recalled to Life, Lond., 1917, i, 265.

The problem of the crippled and the maimed. Am. J. Care
Cripples, N. Y., 1917, v, 243.

War wastage: a note of warning to examiners of recruits. J. Am.
M. Ass., Chicago, 1917, lxix, 290.

Recurrence or redeposit of cancer? Brit. M. J., Lond., 1917, i, 455.

Home-bred malaria (Correspondence). Lancet, Lond., 1917, ii, 621.

Viets, H. A patronal festival for Thomas Willis (1621-1675) with
remarks by Sir William Osier, Bart., F. R. S. Ann. Med. Hist.,
N. Y., 1917, i, 118-124.

1918

Essai de bibliographie hippique. Edinburgh & Lond., 1918, W.
Green & Son, 4 p. 8°.

The science of librarianship. Bull. Med. Library, Ass. Bait., 1917,
18, vii, 70-74.

Typhoid spine. Bull. Canadian Army M. Corps, 1918, i, 78-79.

Graduated exercise in prognosis. Lancet, Lond., 1918, i, 231.

The primary examination for the F. R. C. S. Eng.: An appeal to
the President of the Royal College of Surgeons. Lancet, Lond.,

1918, i, 715.

Medicine in America (Speech to University Extension Students,
summer meeting at Cambridge). The Hospital, Lond., 1918,
lxiv, 433.

Trench fever: a critical analysis of the report of the American
Commission. Lancet, Lond., 1918, ii, 496-499.

Bibliography 167

The first printed documents relating to modern surgical anaesthe-
sia. Remarks made on presenting Morton's original papers
to the Royal Society of Medicine, London, May 15, 1918. Proc.
Roy. Soc. Med., Lond., 1917-18, xi, Sect. Hist. Med., 65-69.
Also: Ann. Med. Hist, N. Y., 1917, i, 329-332.

Note on Boerhaave's position as a scientific observer. Read Octo-
ber 17, 1917, at Proc. Roy. Soc. Med., Lond., Sect. Hist. Med.
(Not published.)

1919

The old humanities and the new science. An address before the
Classical Association, Oxford, May 16, 1919. J. Murrav, Lond.,
1919, 32 p. 8°.
Also: Brit. M. J. Lond., 1919, ii, 1-7.

Observations on the severe anaemias of pregnancy and the post-
partum state. Brit. M. J., Lond., 1919, i, 1-3.

Influenzal pneumonia: bilateral rigidity, spinal meningitis with
haemorrhage into the theca vertebralis and nerve roots. Lan-
cet, Lond., 1919, i, 501.

Typhoid spine. Canad. M. Ass. J., Toronto, 1919, ix, 400-496.

Currie's " journal." Ann. Med. Hist., N. Y., 1919, ii, 81.

Aspects of death and correlated aspects of life in art, epigram and
poetrv. 3. ed. By Frederick Parkes Weber. N. York, 1918.
P. B. Hoeber, 7S6 p. 8°. (Book review.)
Ann. Med. Hist. N. Y.( 1919, ii, 84-85.

Note. — Messrs. Constable & Company have published later im-
pressions of "Man's redemption of man" (1918); "A way of
life" (1918); and "Science and immortality" (1906 and 1918).

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